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Hydrocolloids are important ingredients controlling the quality characteristics of the final bakery products. Hydrocolloids are frequently used in gluten-free (GF) recipes, mimicking some rheological properties of gluten, improving dough properties, delaying starch retrogradation and improving bread texture, appearance and stability. Hydrocolloids addition increases viscosity and incorporation of air into the GF dough/batter. Besides their advantages for the technological properties of the GF bread, hydrocolloids addition may impact the glycemic index (GI) of the final product, thus answering the demand of people requiring products with low GI. This review deals with the application of hydrocolloids in GF bread and pasta with a focus on their effect on dough rheology, bread hardness, specific volume, staling and GI.

Viscoelasticity is a natural property of biological tissue that is often used as a diagnostic parameter of cancer diagnosis. Recently, it was discovered that the fractional calculus accurately describes the experimental effects of viscoelastic materials. In this work, the model of the thermo-viscoelasticity theory of fractional dual-phase-lag heat conduction law with rheological properties of the volume is constructed to investigate one-dimensional bioheat transfer and heat-induced mechanical response in human skin tissue. The model is applied to the one-dimensional problem of the skin tissue layer with an arbitrary thickness. The bounding plane of the skin tissue is subjected to three different types of thermal loading. The method of transforming Laplace was used and the reversal was measured using the Tzuo process. The influences of fractional dual-phase-lag relaxation parameters and rheological properties of the volume on the distributions of temperature, displacement and stress are obtained and illustrated graphically.

The effects of the ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) component of polypropylene (PP) on its rheological properties, crystallization behavior, and solid-state mechanical properties were investigated using various measurement techniques. The terminal relaxation time—determined by measuring the linear viscoelasticity—was increased by adding the UHMW component. The increase in the melt elasticity produced by adding the UHMW component was observed by measuring the steady-state shear flow, although the shear viscosity was not greatly affected. Owing to the long characteristic time of the Rouse relaxation of the UHMW component, PP with the UHMW component formed highly oriented structures through a shear-induced crystallization process. The addition of the UHMW component enhanced the orientation and regularity of crystalline structure for extruded films. Therefore, the Young′s modulus, yield stress, and strength were higher in the PP film containing the UHMW component than in one without the UHMW component, irrespective of the direction of tensile deformation.

Generally, rejuvenators are used to supply missing components of aged asphalt, reverse the aging process, and are widely used in asphalt maintenance and recycling. However, compared with traditional rejuvenators, bio-oil rejuvenators are environmentally friendly, economical and efficient. This study looks into the effect of the three different bio-oils, namely sunflower oil, soybean oil, and palm oil, on the physical properties, rheological properties and chemical components of aged asphalt at different dosages. The asphalt physical properties and Dynamic Shear Rheological (DSR) test results show that with the increase in bio-oil, the physical properties and rheological properties of rejuvenated asphalt are close to those of virgin asphalt, but the high-temperature rutting resistance needs to be further improved. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show that the carbonyl and sulfoxide indices of rejuvenated asphalt are much lower than those of aged asphalt. Moreover, the rejuvenation efficiency of aged asphalt mixed with sunflower oil is better than that with soybean oil and palm oil at the same dosage.

Background The rheological properties of wheat dough exert a profound influence on the baking process and the quality of the final food products. Previous studies have partially elucidated the genetic basis of wheat flour rheological characteristics; however, multi-locus genome-wide association studies (ML-GWAS) investigating these traits under multi-year single-location field trials remain scarce and have yielded highly variable results. Therefore, the identification of stable genetic loci associated with dough rheological properties has become particularly critical. Results This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of a diverse natural population comprising 273 wheat varieties (lines) using a 55 K SNP array and an ML-GWAS model. This approach identified with high precision 239 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with wheat flour dough rheological properties. Among these QTNs, 13 mono-effect QTNs were consistently detected across at least two environments and two distinct models, with only 3 classified as major-effect QTNs. Additionally, 7 pleiotropic QTNs were identified. Eleven of the mono-effect QTNs exhibited significant differences in phenotypic traits, while 3 pleiotropic QTNs demonstrated highly significant differences across all associated traits. Within a 4 Mb flanking region surrounding these major-effect and pleiotropic QTNs, a total of 606 genes were co-annotated. Gene annotation indicated these genes primarily participate in critical biological functions, including protein modification and degradation, and the regulation of seed development and maturation. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis rigorously screened 18 promising candidate genes, and their expression profiles were analyzed throughout wheat tissue development and endosperm maturation. Ultimately, 6 SNP loci and 9 key candidate genes strongly linked to wheat flour dough rheological properties were identified. Conclusions This study employed ML-GWAS combined with the 55 K SNP array to analyze six dough rheological traits in 273 wheat germplasm accessions. SNP loci and candidate genes associated with dough rheological properties were identified, advancing molecular breeding technology in wheat and thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for genetic improvement and the cultivation of high-quality varieties.

The new class of reactive polymers is designed to modify asphalt through chemical reactions with asphalt components. The complexity of such systems and the long experience with thermoplastic elastomers as well as with some other “classical” modifiers, and to a degree that our present testing methods and even specifications revolve around these materials, might obscure the fact that we are dealing with rather different modification systems and possibly with new emerging asphalt paving technologies. Our present work attempted to compare two different reactive polymer systems with the “classical” system which uses thermoplastic elastomer. The impact of reactive polymer systems on asphalt was studied through material properties manifested by specification tests and through the development of thermo-rheological properties in linear and non-linear viscoelastic regions. As expected, the behavior of reactive polymeric systems with different chemistries also differed among themselves. The available results showed that the reactive groups of polymers react with polar components of asphalt leading to higher stiffness at elevated pavement temperatures and differing impact on low temperature properties. The data point to a significantly improved resistance to plastic deformation of pavement in the case of reactive polymers, despite the fact that elastic recovery-based specification tests failed to identify this improvement.

Rubber asphalt has excellent durability and can maintain excellent performance under harsh service conditions. In order to further promote the application of rubber asphalt, the dynamic rheological shear test was used to test the complex shear modulus G *, rutting factor G */sin δ, fatigue dissipation factor G * sin δ of rubber asphalt under different test temperatures and loading frequencies. The conclusions are as follows: (1) For the dynamic rheological properties of rubber asphalt, the content of rubber powder is an important factor. When the rubber powder content is 30%, the rheological properties of rubber asphalt are optimal. (2) For the rutting factor and fatigue dissipation factor of rubber asphalt, temperature and frequency are the primary influencing factors. The rutting factor and fatigue dissipation factor of rubber asphalt samples in each group decrease with increasing temperature and increases with increasing frequency. (3) Among the three types of rubber powder-mixed rubber asphalt, the 30% rubber asphalt has higher high-temperature performance and fatigue performance, which can meet the performance requirements of the pavement surface layer.

The rheological properties of concrete paste significantly influence its tensile creep behavior. In this study, the tensile creep behavior of high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) employing the same cementitious pastes was experimentally investigated, and the rheological properties of the paste containing a high volume of fly ash using the nanoindentation (NI) technique was investigated in order to explore the influence of the paste’s rheological properties (such as micro-mechanical properties and microscopic creep) on the early-age tensile creep of HVFAC. The results demonstrated that the micro-strain of paste containing a high volume of fly ash (HVFA) showed a larger value than that without fly ash. As the test age extends, a decreasing trend in microscopic creep was observed which could be attributed to the growth of the content of HD C–S–H (high density C–S–H) gel. Moreover, within the same age period, the experimental data revealed that the incorporation of fly ash resulted in the reduction of the values of the creep modulus C and characteristic time τ. The effects of fly ash dosages and loading age on the creep properties of concrete was consistent with the micro-creep properties of the cementitious paste. The tensile specific creep values derived from the ZC (“ZC” are initials for the word ‘‘self-developed” in Chinese) model based on nanoindentation data closely match those obtained from experiments.

The interaction of polysaccharide and protein can improve the emulsification and gelation properties of emulsion gel, which is a good substrate for 3D printing food. Whey protein isolate (WPI) emulsion gels with guar gum (GG), locust bean gum (LBG), xanthan gum (XG), and gum arabic (GA) concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% were investigated for 3D printing β- carotene-rich food. The effect of different polysaccharide concentrations on the rheological properties, 3D printing performances (printability, printing accuracy, and printing stability), and moisture distribution characteristics of emulsion gels were analyzed. The results showed that WPI emulsion gels with the addition of polysaccharides had shear-thinning behavior and exhibited elastic property. WPI emulsion gels added with polysaccharides of more than 5% had the higher transient elasticity and viscosity, which exhibited the higher deformation resistance. Water holding capacity and gel strength of WPI emulsion gels increased with the increase of polysaccharide concentration, and WPI emulsion gels added with GG and LBG showed the larger gel strength values. Water trapped in the gel network dominated in WPI emulsion gels, T 21 , T 22 , and T 23 values decreased with the increases of polysaccharide concentration. The results showed that 7% of GG, LBG, and GA could improve the 3D printing performance and significantly increased the printing accuracy and stability of WPI emulsion gels.

The deterioration of high-penetration asphalt pavements due to oxidative aging presents a significant challenge in highway maintenance. This study investigates the rejuvenation effect of three bio-oils, namely palm oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, on aged PEN 90 asphalt through an integrated approach combining experimental characterization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Laboratory evaluations, including penetration, softening point, dynamic shear rheology (DSR), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were conducted to quantify the recovery of the physical, rheological, and chemical properties of aged high-penetration asphalt. MD simulations were conducted to provide insights into diffusion behavior and intermolecular interactions between bio-oil molecules and aged asphalt components. Experimental results show that bio-oils effectively restore the lost viscoelastic performance after long-term aging. An 8% dosage was determined as optimal, with rejuvenation efficiency decreasing in the order of SSO, SO, and PO. MD simulations clarify mechanisms by showing that soybean and palm oils have higher diffusion efficiency than sunflower oil, thus promoting the dispersion of asphaltene and resin. RDF shows that bio-oils enhance asphalt molecules’ short-range order via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, which improves compatibility.