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Rhesus disease of a newborn baby results from the entrance of anti-D antibodies of the rhesus factor D (RhD)-negative mother into the RhD positive foetal bloodstream. This transfer might cause stillbirths, neonatal deaths, or severe hyperbilirubinemia, which can develop into irreversible brain damage. In current practice, anti-D immunoglobulin is administered to RhD-negative women within 72 h after the delivery of RhD-positive newborn babies. During the antepartum period, it is given in events associated with placental trauma or disruption of the feto-maternal interface. This review was conducted to analyse the cost-effectiveness of the introduction of worldwide guidelines for the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin at 28 weeks to all RhD negative mothers with RhD-positive spouses in Palestine. This was a cost-effective analysis and a literature review of the international guidelines about RhD alloimmunisation prophylaxis. The US, Australian, Canadian, UK, and WHO guidelines were reviewed. A cost-effective analysis was done, and the primary outcomes were the number needed to treat and the overall cost of the treatment. Estimations were done for the cost of prevention to every case. All reviewed guidelines recommend that the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin is given routinely to all RhD-negative non-sensitised women at 28 weeks gestation, when the fetal blood type is unknown or the father is known to be RhD-positive. This practice is cost-effective, hence the implementation of the new guideline will cost approximately US$700 000 in Palestine ($400 000 in the West Bank and $300 000 in the Gaza Strip). The implementation of this guideline will prevent 148 cases (85 in the West Bank and 63 in the Gaza Strip) from further RhD alloimmunisation. The net cost of prevention of every case is approximately $4750. Routine administration of anti-D immunoglobulin to all RhD-negative non-sensitised women at 28 weeks gestation, when the spouses are RhD-positive, is cost-effective. An implementation programme for RhD alloimmunisation prophylaxis will be of great value. None.

We have been experiencing a global pandemic with baleful consequences for mankind, since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan of China, in December 2019. So far, several potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified. Among them, the role of ABO blood group polymorphisms has been studied with results that are still unclear. The aim of this study was to collect and meta-analyze available studies on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and different blood groups, as well as Rhesus state. We performed a systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases for published articles and preprints. Twenty-two studies, after the removal of duplicates, met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis with ten of them also including information on Rhesus factor. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the extracted data. Random-effects models were used to obtain the overall pooled ORs. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Our results indicate that blood groups A, B and AB have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection compared to blood group O, which appears to have a protective effect: (i) A group vs O (OR = 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.15 to 1.44), (ii) B vs O (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.25), and (iii) AB vs. O (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.57) . An association between Rhesus state and COVID-19 infection could not be established (Rh+ vs Rh- OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.13) .

In humans, NH₃ transport across cell membranes is facilitated by the Rh (rhesus) family of proteins. Human Rh C glycoprotein (RhCG) forms a trimeric complex that plays an essential role in ammonia excretion and renal pH regulation. The X-ray crystallographic structure of human RhCG, determined at 2.1 Å resolution, reveals the mechanism of ammonia transport. Each monomer contains 12 transmembrane helices, one more than in the bacterial homologs. Reconstituted into proteoliposomes, RhCG conducts NH₃ to raise internal pH. Models of the erythrocyte Rh complex based on our RhCG structure suggest that the erythrocytic Rh complex is composed of stochastically assembled heterotrimers of RhAG, RhD, and RhCE.

Objective To determine the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood group phenotypes among blood donors. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled blood donors whose socio-demographic and blood group phenotype data were collected from blood bank donor records. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the number and percentage distribution of categorical variables. To determine if the distributions of the ABO and Rh phenotypes differed, a chi-square test was employed. Results Of 14,887 blood donors with a median age of 20 years (interquartile range = 18–30 years), 72.8% were males, and young donors (age range = 18–24 years) accounted for 61.7%. Group O (45.6%) was the most prevalent ABO blood phenotype, followed by A (29.5%), B (20.2%), and AB (4.7%). The dominant blood group was O positive (42.4%), followed by A positive (27.4%), B positive (18.9%), AB positive (4.3%), O negative (3.2%), A negative (2.1%), B negative (1.3%), and AB negative (0.4%). The overall Rh (D)-negative distribution rate was 7.0%. Conclusion This study showed that blood group O was the most common ABO phenotype, followed by A, B, and AB. Overall, 93.0% of the donors were Rh (D)-positive. These findings may help guide blood transfusion programmes.

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the distribution of ABO and RhD blood groups and their relationship with diseases. Methods: The retrospective study was carried out in Bursa Uludag University Family Health Center in Turkey between 1-28 February, 2023. The data of individuals who were registered with the Family Health Center and whose blood types were known were evaluated retrospectively. Blood group type, sociodemographic findings, existing diseases, allergies, and genetic disease conditions were obtained. P-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analysis were made in the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: A total of 3834 people, 1935 male (50.5%) and 1899 female (49.5%) participated in the study. The mean age of the individuals was 26.45±10.45 years. About 75.8 percent of the participants were university students, 6.3 percent were health workers, and 17.9 percent were from other occupational groups. The rates of blood groups were determined as O Rh D+ at 33.5%, AB Rh D+ at 26.9%, A Rh D+ at 14.9%, AB Rh D- at 7.7%, B Rh D+ at 7%, O Rh D- at 4.6%, B Rh D- at 3.2% and A Rh D- at 2.2%. It was determined that the O Rh D- group had a higher rate of genetic disease than the other groups (p=0.01). Conclusion: It was determined that the O Rh D+ blood group was found more frequently in our region’s population than in other groups. This different result depending on the A Rh D+ blood group, which is the most common throughout the country may have reflected the influence of different geographical regions and ethnic characteristics due to the students in our population. In addition, the results regarding the relationships between blood groups and occupation, genetics, existing disease, presence of allergies, and visual defects in the eye are important. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.4.8663 How to cite this: Goktas O. ABO and RhD blood groups and their relationship with diseases: A retrospective study. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(4):577-581.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.4.8663 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Objective This study aims to determine the distribution of blood groups and the demographic background of blood donors in a referral hospital in Northern Tanzania. Results The most common blood group was O (52.3%) and the least common was AB (3.18%). 97.7% of the blood donors were Rh positive and the rest were Rh negative. Most donors were young adults, representing the age group of 19–29. The majority of donors were male (88.1%) and the majority (90.8%) were replacement while the remainder was voluntary donors.

Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Various predictive methods exist, but none are without flaws. Risk factors vary in different women and at different gestational ages; hence, investigating non-modifiable factors, such as ABO and Rhesus blood groups, may aid prediction and early detection of preeclampsia. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal ABO blood groups and preeclampsia. Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Methods: This study included singleton, normotensive, Rhesus-positive primigravidae with different ABO blood groups at <20 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was the incidence of preeclampsia in mothers with Rhesus (D)-positive ABO blood groups (O, A, B and AB), while the secondary outcomes were the overall preeclampsia incidence and the odds ratio for preeclampsia between blood group O and non-O (A, B and AB) participants. Results: A total of 264 participants were enrolled, with 244 followed up until delivery. Eighteen participants developed preeclampsia with an incidence of 7.4% (95% confidence interval: 3.9–10.7). Most participants had blood group O (57.0%), followed by A (29.5%), B (12.7%) and AB (0.8%). The mean gestational age at preeclampsia onset was 37.8 ± 2 weeks. Blood group AB had the highest incidence of preeclampsia (50%), followed by B (16.1%), O (5.8%) and A (5.6%). Among 105 participants with non-O blood groups, 10 developed preeclampsia (p = 0.265). The adjusted odds ratio for the non-O blood group who developed preeclampsia was 1.65. Conclusion: Maternal ABO blood group was not significantly associated with preeclampsia incidence. However, blood group AB exhibited the highest preeclampsia incidence compared with the other blood groups. Plain language summary Association between maternal blood groups and preeclampsia Preeclampsia is a condition that affects pregnant women and is characterised by high blood pressure (hypertension) and high protein levels in the urine (proteinuria). It is a leading cause of pregnancy complications and death worldwide. Several methods have been used to predict the development of preeclampsia; however, these are not always reliable because preeclampsia develops differently in each pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hypertension during pregnancy and maternal blood type (A, B, O, or AB) with Rhesus factor, which is a type of protein found in red blood cells. In the present study, the incidence of hypertension and significant proteinuria during pregnancy was 7.4%. Maternal blood group AB had the highest risk of developing preeclampsia and may be a risk factor for disease occurrence. However, no significant relationship between maternal ABO blood groups and hypertension during pregnancy were found. Maternal ABO and Rhesus blood types may be of great value for the prediction and early detection of hypertension with significant proteinuria during pregnancy.

Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. ABO blood groups and rhesus (Rh) factor are inherited characteristics. Their association with the presence of PLC remains unclear in cirrhotic patients. Hence, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether blood groups were risk factors for the presence of PLC in cirrhosis. Patients with liver cirrhosis who were consecutively admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2014 were retrospectively screened. Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association of ABO blood groups and Rh factor with PLC in cirrhotic patients. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated after adjusting for gender, age, family history of liver cirrhosis, HBV-DNA positivity, and etiology of cirrhosis. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the etiology of liver cirrhosis. Overall, 1,158 cirrhotic patients without PLC and 240 cirrhotic patients with PLC were included in the study. After adjusting for confounding factors, non-O (aOR = 0.763; 95%CI = 0.449-1.298,  = 0.319), A (aOR = 0.643; 95%CI = 0.332-1.246,  = 0.191), B (aOR = 0.835; 95%CI = 0.453-1.540,  = 0.564), AB (aOR = 0.888; 95%CI = 0.363-2.170,  = 0.795), and Rh (+) (aOR = 0.239; 95%CI = 0.036-1.571,  = 0.136) blood groups were not independently associated with PLC in cirrhotic patients. In the subgroup analysis of HBV-related cirrhotic patients, the proportion of A blood group was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients with PLC than in those without PLC (24.17% vs. 33.99%,  < 0.001); however, in HCV- and alcohol-related cirrhotic patients, the proportions of ABO blood groups and Rh factor were not significantly different between the two groups. ABO blood groups and Rh factor may not be associated with the presence of PLC in cirrhotic patients.

Background Our study aimed to identify preoperative predictors for perioperative allogenic blood transfusion (ABT) in patients undergoing major lung cancer resections in order to improve the perioperative management of patients at risk for ABT. Methods Patients admitted between 2014 and 2016 in a high-volume thoracic surgery clinic were retrospectively evaluated in a cohort study based on a control group without ABT and the ABT group requiring packed red blood cell units within 15 days postoperatively until discharge. The association of ABT with clinically established parameters (sex, preoperative anemia, liver and coagulation function, blood groups, multilobar resections) was analyzed by contingency tables, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and logistic regression analysis, taking into account potential covariates. Results 60 out of 529 patients (11.3%) required ABT. N1 and non-T1 tumors, thoracotomy approach, multilobar resections, thoracic wall resections and Rhesus negativity were more frequent in the ABT group. In multivariable analyses, female sex, preoperative anemia, multilobar resections, as well as serum alanine-aminotransferase levels, thrombocyte counts and Rhesus negativity were identified as independent predictors of ABT, being associated with OR (95% Confidence interval, p-value) of 2.44 (1.23–4.88, p = 0.0112), 18.16 (8.73–37.78, p < 0.0001), 5.79 (2.50–13.38, p < 0.0001), 3.98 (1.73–9.16, p = 0.0012), 2.04 (1.04–4.02, p = 0.0390) and 2.84 (1.23–6.59, p = 0.0150), respectively. Conclusions In patients undergoing major lung cancer resections, multiple independent risk factors for perioperative ABT apart from preoperative anemia and multilobar resections were identified. Assessment of these predictors might help to identify high risk patients preoperatively and to improve the strategies that reduce perioperative ABT.