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Background Pathogenesis of canine fungal rhinitis is still not fully understood. Treatment remains challenging, after cure turbinate destruction may be associated with persistent clinical signs and recurrence of fungal rhinitis can occur. Alterations of the nasal microbiota have been demonstrated in dogs with chronic idiopathic rhinitis and nasal neoplasia, although whether they play a role in the pathogenesis or are a consequence of the disease is still unknown. The objectives of the present study were (1) to describe nasal microbiota alterations associated with fungal rhinitis in dogs, compared with chronic idiopathic rhinitis and controls, (2) to characterize the nasal microbiota modifications associated with successful treatment of fungal rhinitis. Forty dogs diagnosed with fungal rhinitis, 14 dogs with chronic idiopathic rhinitis and 29 healthy control dogs were included. Nine of the fungal rhinitis dogs were resampled after successful treatment with enilconazole infusion. Results Only disease status contributed significantly to the variability of the microbiota. The relative abundance of the genus Moraxella was decreased in the fungal rhinitis (5.4 ± 18%) and chronic idiopathic rhinitis (4.6 ± 8.7%) groups compared to controls (51.8 ± 39.7%). Fungal rhinitis and chronic idiopathic rhinitis groups also showed an increased richness and α-diversity at species level compared with controls. Increase in unique families were associated with fungal rhinitis (Staphyloccaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseriaceae) and chronic idiopathic rhinitis (Pasteurellaceae and Lactobacillaceae). In dogs with fungal rhinitis at cure, only 1 dog recovered a high relative abundance of Moraxellaceae. Conclusions Results confirm major alterations of the nasal microbiota in dogs affected with fungal rhinitis and chronic idiopathic rhinitis, consisting mainly in a decrease of  Moraxella . Besides, a specific dysbiotic profile further differentiated fungal rhinitis from chronic idiopathic rhinitis. In dogs with fungal rhinitis, whether the NM returns to its pre-infection state or progresses toward chronic idiopathic rhinitis or fungal rhinitis recurrence warrants further investigation.

Allergic rhinitis typically has edematous and pale turbinates or erythematous and inflamed turbinates. While traditional approaches include using skin prick tests (SPT) to determine the presence of AR, It is often not related to actual symptoms, and it is an invasive test. We use deep learning to analyze nasal endoscopy images to investigate a quantitative method for diagnosing allergic rhinitis. Traditional machine learning-based diagnostic techniques have relied on structured clinical datasets featuring statistical data such as demographic characteristics, symptom severity, and clinical test results. In contrast, we propose a novel approach to use endoscopy image data to analyze the color distribution in the inferior turbinate region of patients with allergic rhinitis using the CIE-Lab color space and extract the adaptive histogram features that are used to explore and find suitable feature extraction methods and deep learning model architectures. Our proposed model achieves a promising diagnostic accuracy of 90.80% for images exhibiting AR symptoms. Future research will expand the dataset to include a broader spectrum of symptomatic and asymptomatic images to enhance model robustness and investigate the potential of optical analysis as a non-invasive diagnostic method for AR. This study introduced a novel approach to diagnosing allergic rhinitis using nasal endoscopy images. Our approach analyzed the color distribution of the inferior turbinates within the LAB color space, extracted important features from endoscopy images using both CNN feature extraction and histograms, and performed classification through SVM and fully connected classifiers.

Background Non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) in children, named local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), are recently termed entities in childhood characterized by symptoms suggestive of allergic rhinitis in the absence of systemic atopy. Nasal eosinophils (nEo) are the principal cells involved in the allergy inflammation and nasal allergen provocation test is the gold standard method for the diagnosis, albeit with several limitations. The aim of this study was to validate the presence of nEo in combination with the therapeutic response to nasal steroids, as a preliminary discriminator of NAR in real life data. Methods In a prospective cohort study, 128 children (63.3% male, aged 72 ± 42 m) with history of NAR were enrolled and followed up for 52 ± 32 m. Nasal cytology was performed and nasal steroids trial was recommended initially in all and repeatedly in relapsing cases. Response to therapy was clinically evaluated using 10-VAS. Results Significant nEo was found in 59.3% of the cases and was related to reported dyspnea episodes. 23.4% had no response to therapy, whereas 51.5% were constantly good responders. Response to therapy was related to nEo and a cutoff point of 20% was defined as the most reliable biological marker with 94% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Conclusions In children with symptoms of NAR, the presence of nEo > 20% constantly responding to nasal steroid therapy, is a clear indicator of atopy. In an everyday clinical setting, it emerged as an easy, preliminary, cell biomarker suggestive of further investigation such as NAPT, to discriminate LAR from NARES.

Allergic rhinitis is a very common disorder that affects people of all ages, peaking in the teenage years. It is frequently ignored, underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and mistreated, which not only is detrimental to health but also has societal costs. Although allergic rhinitis is not a serious illness, it is clinically relevant because it underlies many complications, is a major risk factor for poor asthma control, and affects quality of life and productivity at work or school. Management of allergic rhinitis is best when directed by guidelines. A diagnostic trial of a pharmacotherapeutic agent could be started in people with clinically identified allergic rhinitis; however, to confirm the diagnosis, specific IgE reactivity needs to be recorded. Documented IgE reactivity has the added benefit of guiding implementation of environmental controls, which could substantially ameliorate symptoms of allergic rhinitis and might prevent development of asthma, especially in an occupational setting. Many classes of drug are available, effective, and safe. In meta-analyses, intranasal corticosteroids are superior to other treatments, have a good safety profile, and treat all symptoms of allergic rhinitis effectively. First-generation antihistamines are associated with sedation, psychomotor retardation, and reduced academic performance. Only immunotherapy with individually targeted allergens has the potential to alter the natural history of allergic rhinitis. Patients' education is a vital component of treatment. Even with the best pharmacotherapy, one in five affected individuals remains highly symptomatic, and further research is needed in this area.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent chronic respiratory problem in the United States associated with significant comorbidities and health care costs. Recent surveys suggest that mixed rhinitis (MR), which refers to patients with nonallergic AR (NAR) and AR, is a specific rhinitis subtype that may represent between 50 and 70% of all AR patients although the true prevalence of these conditions has not been confirmed. It is important to make a clear distinction between these chronic rhinitis (CR) phenotypes as symptom triggers; response to treatment and prevalence of comorbidities such as sinusitis may be significantly different. Incorporating patient centric questionnaires that can reliably characterize AR, MR, and NAR phenotypes will improve our ability to further investigate the natural history/epidemiology, mechanisms, and development of novel therapies for NAR-related CR subtypes.

Purpose Non allergic rhinitis (NAR) comprises different clinical definitions and phenotypes, including non inflammatory non allergic (NINAR) and cellular inflammatory forms. Nasal cytology, usually performed by scraping the inferior turbinate, is a non invasive, cheap and point-of-care tool to distinguish among the different NAR phenotypes, but still a relevant proportion of patients evaluated by nasal cytology receive a non precise definition of NAR phenotype. We hypothesize that collecting nasal cytology samples from middle meatus could increase the diagnostic accuracy. Methods Consecutive patients with chronic rhinitis without evidence of allergic sensitization were assessed for nasal cytology by means of scraping both the inferior turbinate and the middle meatus (lateral-inferior wall of the middle turbinate). Results 107 consecutive patients with NAR were enrolled in the study. According to inferior turbinate cytology, 42.1% were defined as affected by NINAR, 2.8% by bacterial rhinitis, 10.3% by non allergic rhinitis with eosinophils (NARES), 15.0% non allergic rhinitis with neutrophils (NARNE), 19.6% non allergic rhinitis with mast-cells (NARMA) and 10.3% non allergic rhinitis with eosinophils and mast-cells (NARESMA). Middle meatus cytology was in accordance with inferior turbinate cytology in only 37.6% of cases. Eosinophils and mast-cells were detectable more frequently in middle meatus samples (49.5% vs 19.6%, p  < 0.01, 59.8% vs 29.9%, p  < 0.01, respectively). 93.3% of NINAR patients received an inflammatory NAR phenotype at middle meatus cytology: 26.7% NARES, 24.4% NARNE, 31.1% NARMA and 11.1% NARESMA. Conclusion Middle meatus cytology is more reliable than inferior turbinate cytology in phenotyping patients with NAR. Our study strengthen that nasal cytology should be implemented in clinical practice collecting samples at the middle meatus level.

Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR) (CRSwAR) have a more severe condition with a higher rate of recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). This study aimed to explore the effect of specific subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and nasal irrigation on CRSwAR after ESS. Sixty-four patients who were diagnosed as CRSwAR and received ESS were enrolled and divided into groups A, B, and C to receive different postoperative treatment strategies (conventional medication, medication with nasal irrigation, and medication with nasal irrigation and SCIT), and their prognosis was evaluated by scoring, electron microscopy, and inflammatory factors. One year after ESS, the recurrence rate of group C was significantly reduced; and the scoring from baseline was significantly different among the three groups, which of group C were the best. The epithelium arrangement, cilia morphology, and inflammation of nasal mucosa in each group were better than those in the preoperative state; and those in group C were the best. After one year, the expression levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-17 in group B were lower than those of group A; and the expression levels of ECP, IL-8, IL-25, IL-33, IL-17 in group C were lower than those in group A. SCIT combined with nasal irrigation can improve the patients' symptoms and quality of life, promote the epithelialization of the mucosa in the surgical cavity, regulate the local immune response of the nasal cavity; thus improve the prognosis of patients with ESS after 1 year.

ABSTRACT Background: Rhinitis is one of the most common chronic disorders presenting to an internal medicine, pediatric, or family practice clinician. It can greatly impact a patient's quality of life and exerts a tremendous societal burden in terms of both its direct and indirect costs. In practice, in treatment guidelines, and in the literature, discussions of rhinitis as an inflammatory (allergic) disease often eclipse discussions of the nonallergic components, which often contribute to, or are responsible for, a patient's disease. Recommendations for specific diagnostic criteria and treatment options for nonallergic rhinitis are often lacking compared with those addressing allergic rhinitis. Previous guidelines primarily focus on allergic rhinitis and do not provide easy-to-use tools to help primary care practitioners differentiate between, and appropriately treat, the different types of rhinitis. Although it is often difficult and time-consuming clinically to differentiate help simplify the diagnosis and management of rhinitis were developed as tools to aid the healthcare practitioner. Results: A rhinitis diagnostic worksheet and treatment algorithm were developed by the authors following the meeting, based on transcripts of the consensus panel's discussions. The diagnostic worksheet can be used to quickly categorize patients as having allergic, nonallergic, between the various rhinitis subtypes, this must be done in order to select an appropriate treatment and achieve desirable outcomes. Objective: We sought to develop a useful diagnostic worksheet and treatment algorithm to help clinicians correctly identify rhinitis subtypes and provide the appropriate therapy. Methods: An expert multidisciplinary consensus panel, comprising five allergy and immunology specialists and three ear, nose, and throat specialists with expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of rhinitis, was assembled by the Respiratory & Allergic Disease Foundation (RAD) to discuss a practical clinical approach to rhinitis that considers both inflammatory and noninflammatory elements of the disease. During this meeting, the panel discussed current data and treatment recommendations as well as clinical experiences and challenges in treating rhinitis. Materials to or ‘mixed’ rhinitis using descriptive criteria. Using the treatment algorithm as a guide, the appropriate treatment can then be selected based on the suspected rhinitis subtype. Conclusion: The use of these clinical practice tools may improve the management of rhinitis by helping clinicians to identify both the allergic and nonallergic components of a patient's disease and choose an appropriate treatment.

In the wide spectrum of medical practice, rhinitis is often incorrectly assumed to be solely allergic in etiology. Consequently, other rhinitis subtypes (nonallergic and mixed) remain under-diagnosed. This is of concern because inaccurate diagnosis may lead to unsatisfactory treatment outcome. Contributing to this under-diagnosis is the fact that primary care practitioners do not often have at their disposal the same diagnostic tools as the allergist. Tools that the allergist is more likely to use include nasal cytology, skin testing and in vitro assays for specific immunoglobulin E. Patients with pure nonallergic rhinitis have negative skin tests or clinically irrelevant positive results. Mixed rhinitis refers to the presence of both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis components within the same individual. Allergic rhinitis more commonly develops before the age of 20, whereas nonallergic rhinitis affects an older population and disproportionately more females. The type of nasal symptoms manifested by the patient usually does not differentiate allergic from nonallergic rhinitis. Vasomotor rhinitis is the most common form of nonallergic rhinitis, followed by nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia and others. In terms of estimated prevalence, allergic rhinitis affects approximately 58 million Americans, 19 million have pure nonallergic rhinitis and 26 million have mixed rhinitis. Thus a wide spectrum of relevant epidemiologic information can be used to assist in determining the differential diagnosis of rhinitis. Physicians are reminded to look further and consider whether a rhinitis patient truly has pure allergic rhinitis or whether a diagnosis of mixed rhinitis or nonallergic rhinitis is more appropriate.

The cause of nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) and its relation to lower airway disease remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis of the occurrence of rhinitis in a Danish general population with focus on NAR and its association with smoking and lower airway disease. A population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in Copenhagen, Denmark was performed. A random sample from the general population (n = 7931; age, 18-69 years) was invited to a general health examination including measurements of serum-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to common aeroallergens; 3471 (44%) persons were accepted. For further analysis, we divided the population into the following groups: (I) negative specific IgE and no rhinitis (controls); (II) negative specific IgE and rhinitis (NAR); (III) positive specific IgE and rhinitis (allergic rhinitis [AR]); and (IV) positive specific IgE but no rhinitis (sensitized). We found that NAR was associated with asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51 [1.87-3.37]); chronic bronchitis (OR = 2.27 [1.85-2.79]); current smoking (>15 g/day; OR = 1.57 [1.18-2.08]); lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV(1)/FVC) ratios and reduced FEV(1) values. The association with chronic bronchitis was stronger in NAR than in AR, whereas the opposite was true for asthma. FEV(1)/FVC of <70% was not significantly associated to any group. This epidemiological study indicates that both asthma and chronic bronchitis are important comorbidities in NAR confirming the \"united airway\" hypothesis, and that smoking might be a significant modulator of disease. Although NAR was significantly associated with poor lung function, no significant association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was shown.