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Worldwide cancer incidence and mortality have always been a concern to the community. The cancer mortality rate has generally declined over the years; however, there is still an increased mortality rate in poorer countries that receives considerable attention from healthcare professionals. This suggested the importance of the prompt detection, effective treatment, and prevention strategies. The genus Streptomyces has been documented as a prolific producer of biologically active secondary metabolites. Streptomycetes from mangrove environments attract researchers’ attention due to their ability to synthesize diverse, interesting bioactive metabolites. The present review highlights research on mangrove-derived streptomycetes and the production of anticancer-related compounds from these microorganisms. Research studies conducted between 2008 and 2019, specifically mentioning the isolation of streptomycetes from mangrove areas and described the successful purification of compound(s) or generation of crude extracts with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, were compiled in this review. It is anticipated that there will be an increase in prospects for mangrove-derived streptomycetes as one of the natural resources for the isolation of chemotherapeutic agents.

Abstract Plant-associated microbial communities may be important sources of functional diversity and genetic variation that influence host evolution. Bacteria provide benefits for their hosts, yet in most plant systems we know little about their taxonomic composition or variation across tissues and host range. Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) is a vital coastal plant species that is currently expanding poleward and with it, perhaps, its microbiome. We explored variability in bacterial communities across tissues, individuals, and populations. We collected samples from six sample types from 5 to 10 individuals at each of three populations and used 16S rRNA gene (iTag) sequencing to describe their bacterial communities. Core community members and dominant bacterial classes were determined for each sample type. Pairwise PERMANOVA of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and Indicator Species Analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial communities between sample types and populations. We described the previously unexplored microbiome of the reproductive tissues of R. mangle. Populations and most sample types were associated with distinct communities. Bacterial communities associated with R. mangle are influenced by host geography and sample type. Our study provides a foundation for future work exploring the functional roles of these microbes and their relevance to biogeochemical cycling. We explored the bacterial microbiome of red mangrove trees and found significant variation across tissue types and host populations.

Abstract Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance with leaf litter serving as an important substrate for diverse microbial communities. This study investigates the microbial communities inhabiting leaf litter from four different mangrove species: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina collected from Kebun Raya Mangrove, Surabaya, Indonesia. Using metagenomic sequencing, we revealed that Proteobacteria were predominant, followed by Chlorobi and Actinobacteria in the samples. Interestingly, we detected notable populations of anaerobic bacteria, including genus of Chlorobaculum and Allochromatium. Metagenomic analyses exhibited high levels of adaptation to stressors, evidenced by the prevalence of genes conferring resistance to antibiotics (e.g., beta-lactams, tetracyclines), heavy metals (e.g., chromium, arsenic), and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the metagenomic analysis revealed the presence of genes involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), antimicrobial compounds, and plant growth-promoting activities. These findings highlight the potential of mangrove leaf litter as a reservoir of beneficial microbes with diverse biotechnological applications, including bioremediation, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Resumo Os ecossistemas de manguezais desempenham um papel crucial na manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico, com a serrapilheira servindo como um substrato importante para diversas comunidades microbianas. Este estudo investiga as comunidades microbianas que habitam a serrapilheira de quatro diferentes espécies de manguezais: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris e Avicennia marina, coletadas em Kebun Raya Mangrove, Surabaya, Indonésia. Utilizando sequenciamento metagenômico, revelamos que as Proteobacterias foram predominantes, seguidas por Chlorobi e Actinobacteria nas amostras. Detectamos populações notáveis de bactérias anaeróbias, incluindo espécies de Chlorobaculum e Allochromatium. As análises metagenômicas exibiram altos níveis de adaptação a estressores, evidenciados pela prevalência de genes que conferem resistência a antibióticos (por exemplo, betalactâmicos, tetraciclinas), metais pesados (por exemplo, cromo, arsênio) e hidrocarbonetos. Além disso, a análise metagenômica revelou a presença de genes envolvidos na biossíntese de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs), compostos antimicrobianos e atividades de promotoras do crescimento das plantas. Essas descobertas destacam o potencial da serrapilheira de manguezal como um reservatório de micróbios benéficos com diversas aplicações biotecnológicas, incluindo biorremediação, nutracêuticos, produtos farmacêuticos e agricultura.

Marine-derived fungi have been shown in recent years to produce a plethora of new bioactive secondary metabolites, some of them featuring new carbon frameworks hitherto unprecedented in nature. These compounds are of interest as new lead structures for medicine as well as for plant protection. The aim of this protocol is to give a detailed description of methods useful for the isolation and cultivation of fungi associated with various marine organisms (sponges, algae and mangrove plants) for the extraction, characterization and structure elucidation of biologically active secondary metabolites produced by these marine-derived endophytic fungi, and for the preliminary evaluation of their pharmacological properties based on rapid 'in house' screening systems. Some results exemplifying the positive outcomes of the protocol are given at the end. From sampling in marine environment to completion of the structure elucidation and bioactivity screening, a period of at least 3 months has to be scheduled.

Background: Mangrove forests are of global ecological and economic importance, but are also one of the world’s most threatened ecosystems. Here we present a case study examining the influence of the rhizosphere on the structural composition and diversity of mangrove bacterial communities and the implications for mangrove reforestation approaches using nursery-raised plants. M e t h o d o l o g y / P r i n c i p a l F i n d i n g s : A barcoded pyrosequencing approach was used to assess bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of plants in a nursery setting, nursery-raised transplants and native (non-transplanted) plants in the same mangrove habitat. In addition to this, we also assessed bacterial composition in the bulk sediment in order to ascertain if the roots of mangrove plants affect sediment bacterial composition. We found that mangrove roots appear to influence bacterial abundance and composition in the rhizosphere. Due to the sheer abundance of roots in mangrove habitat, such an effect can have an important impact on the maintenance of bacterial guilds involved in nutrient cycling and other key ecosystem functions. Surprisingly, we also noted a marked impact of initial nursery conditions on the rhizosphere bacterial composition of replanted mangrove trees. This result is intriguing because mangroves are periodically inundated with seawater and represent a highly dynamic environment compared to the more controlled nursery environment. Conclusions/Significance: In as far as microbial diversity and composition influences plant growth and health, this study indicates that nursery conditions and early microbial colonization patterns of the replants are key factors that should be considered during reforestation projects. In addition to this, our results provide information on the role of the mangrove rhizosphere as a habitat for bacteria from estuarine sediments.

Background Mangrove plants growing in the high salt environment of coastal intertidal zones colonize a variety of microorganisms in the phyllosphere, which have potential salt-tolerant and growth-promoting effects. However, the characteristics of microbial communities in the phyllosphere of mangrove species with and without salt glands and the differences between them remain unknown, and the exploration and the agricultural utilization of functional microbial resources from the leaves of mangrove plants are insufficient. Results In this study, we examined six typical mangrove species to unravel the differences in the diversity and structure of phyllosphere microbial communities between mangrove species with or without salt glands. Our results showed that a combination of salt-tolerant growth-promoting strains of Pantoea stewartii A and Bacillus marisflavi Y25 (A + Y25) was constructed from the phyllosphere of mangrove plants, which demonstrated an ability to modulate osmotic substances in rice and regulate the expression of salt-resistance-associated genes. Further metagenomic analysis revealed that exogenous inoculation with A + Y25 increased the rice rhizosphere’s specific microbial taxon Chloroflexi , thereby elevating microbial community quorum sensing and ultimately enhancing ionic balance and overall microbial community function to aid salt resistance in rice. Conclusions This study advances our understanding of the mutualistic and symbiotic relationships between mangrove species and their phyllosphere microbial communities. It offers a paradigm for exploring agricultural beneficial microbial resources from mangrove leaves and providing the potential for applying the salt-tolerant bacterial consortium to enhance crop adaptability in saline–alkaline land. -b8tYoWqwFfV9a2SY3Js-8 Video Abstract Graphical abstract The sources of the photos used in this figure are provided below: Avicennia marina: https://guru.sanook.com/6011/ Acanthus ilicifolius: https://tracuuduoclieu.vn/acanthus-ilicifolius-l.html Aegiceras corniculatum:  https://apps.lucidcentral.org/plants_se_nsw/text/entities/aegiceras_corniculatum.html Sonneratia apetala:  http://www.fpcn.net/a/shuishengzhiwu/20131109/Sonneratia_apetala.html Excoecaria agallocha:  https://efloraofindia.com/2011/03/01/excoecaria-agallocha/ Kandelia candel: https://www.szhb.org/6539.html Background photo:  https://www.discovery.com/nature/the-world-is-waking-up-to-the-importance-of-mangroves

While prokaryote community diversity and function have been extensively studied in soils and sediments, the functional role of fungi, despite their huge diversity, is widely unexplored. Several studies have, nonetheless, revealed the importance of fungi in provisioning services to prokaryote communities. Here, we hypothesise that the fungal community plays a key role in coordinating entire microbial communities by controlling the structure of functional networks in sediment. We selected a sediment environment with high niche diversity due to prevalent macrofaunal bioturbation, namely intertidal mangrove sediment, and explored the assembly of bacteria, archaea and fungi in different sediment niches, which we characterised by biogeochemical analysis, around the burrow of a herbivorous crab. We detected a high level of heterogeneity in sediment biogeochemical conditions, and diverse niches harboured distinct communities of bacteria, fungi and archaea. Saprotrophic fungi were a pivotal component of microbial networks throughout and we invariably found fungi to act as keystone species in all the examined niches and possibly acting synergistically with other environmental variables to determine the overall microbial community structure. In consideration of the importance of microbial-based nutrient cycling on overall sediment ecosystem functioning, we underline that the fungal microbiome and its role in the functional interactome cannot be overlooked.

This study investigated seasonal variations of thraustochytrids in rhizosphere soil collected from two mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina in natural and planted mangrove stands. Thraustochytrid counts were higher in the natural mangrove stand than in the planted site. The counts varied seasonally, being highest in the post-monsoon season followed by summer, monsoon, and pre-monsoon. Thraustochytrid counts exhibited positive correlations ( p  < 0.01) with counts of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), azotobacters, actinobacteria, fungi, yeasts, and Trichoderma . However, a negative correlation was observed with cyanobacteria. The counts also had positive correlation with silt, clay, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, chromium, copper, magnesium, cadmium, zinc and redox potential, but, negative correlations with temperature, pH, pore water salinity, total organic carbon and sand content of the soil samples. In the present study, 113 thraustochytrid strains were isolated from mangrove habitats. However, only 48 pure cultures survived after being sub-cultured three times. Based on survivability, color, and shape, two isolates from each sampling site in each season were selected. The predominant 24 isolates were identified based on their morphological, and molecular characteristics and were classified under five genera: Thraustochytrium , Schizochytrium , Botryochytrium , Parietichytrium , and Aurantiochytrium . Among the isolates, Aurantiochytrium sp. (AKTSK-06) produced the highest biomass of 15.71 g/L in the post-monsoon season (January-March, 2023), and Aurantiochytrium sp. (PVTSK-03) accumulated the highest lipid content of 61.33%. Thraustochytrids were found to contain Omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as EPA up to 8.89% in Aurantiochytrium sp. (VRTSK-01), DPA up to 9.65% in Aurantiochytrium sp. (AKTSK-03), and DHA up to 47.46% in Aurantiochytrium sp. (AKTSK-06). Thus, mangroves provide an ideal ecological niche for thraustochytrids with an abundant supply of omega-3 fatty acids for potential industrial applications.

Mangroves are coastal environments that provide resources for adjacent ecosystems due to their high productivity, organic matter decomposition, and carbon cycling by microbial communities in sediments. Since the industrial revolution, the increase of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) released due to fossil fuel burning led to many environmental abnormalities such as an increase in average temperature and ocean acidification. Based on the hypothesis that climate change modifies the microbial diversity associated with decaying organic matter in mangrove sediments, this study aimed to evaluate the microbial diversity under simulated climate change conditions during the litter decomposition process and the emission of GHG. Thus, microcosms containing organic matter from the three main plant species found in mangroves throughout the State of São Paulo, Brazil (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, and Avicennia schaueriana) were incubated simulating climate changes (increase in temperature and pH). The decay rate was higher in the first seven days of incubation, but the differences between the simulated treatments were minor. GHG fluxes were higher in the first ten days and higher in samples under increased temperature. The variation in time resulted in substantial impacts on α-diversity and community composition, initially with a greater abundance of Gammaproteobacteria for all plant species despite the climate conditions variations. The PCoA analysis reveals the chronological sequence in β-diversity, indicating the increase of Deltaproteobacteria at the end of the process. The GHG emission varied in function of the organic matter source with an increase due to the elevated temperature, concurrent with the rise in the Deltaproteobacteria population. Thus, these results indicate that under the expected climate change scenario for the end of the century, the decomposition rate and GHG emissions will be potentially higher, leading to a harmful feedback loop of GHG production. This process can happen independently of an impact on the bacterial community structure due to these changes.

The interaction of mangrove trees with endophytic microorganisms contributes to the successful establishment of these plants in the challenging intertidal environment. The red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae), is one of the dominant species in mangrove ecosystems and is characterized by the provision of several ecologically relevant services. In this work, we integrated metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to perform a robust characterization of the community of endophytic microorganisms associated with R. mangle leaf and root tissues. The microbiota were characterized at taxonomic and functional levels, and abundance and gene expression profiles were compared between these two plant tissues. We found that the endophyte community consisted mainly of bacteria and eukaryotes, which were the most active groups at the transcriptional level, while archaea and viral groups were identified in lower abundance and expression. In addition, the results show that the community of endophytic microorganisms changes depending on the tissue type, with root-associated microorganisms being the most abundant at the metagenome level and active at the metatranscriptome level. It was also found that R. mangle endophytes actively contribute to key functions for adaptation to an intertidal ecosystem with high human intervention, such as salinity tolerance and degradation of heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds. Thus, according to the functions found and contributed by the endophyte community of red mangrove leaf and root tissues, it can be concluded that these microbial communities are crucial for the survival of R. mangle in the extreme environment of mangrove forests. This study provides a solid basis for future research aimed at understanding the role of plant-endophyte interactions.