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Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable part of the expanding infrastructure put in place for the development of the valuable resources below the worlds seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively new technology and continues to evolve as the design of more cost effective pipelines becomes a priority and applications move into deeper waters and more hostile environments. This updated edition of a best selling title provides the reader with a scope and depth of detail related to the design of offshore pipelines and risers not seen before in a textbook format.

In offshore oil and gas extraction, riser pipes serve as the first isolation barrier for wellbore integrity, playing a crucial role in ensuring operational safety. Protective coatings represent an effective measure for corrosion prevention in riser pipes. To address issues such as electrochemical corrosion and poor adhesion of existing coatings, this study developed an underwater-curing composite material based on a polyisobutylene (PIB) and butyl rubber (IIR) blend system. The material simultaneously exhibits high peel strength, low water absorption, and stability across a wide temperature range. First, the contradiction between material elasticity and strength was overcome through the synergistic effect of medium molecular weight PIB internal plasticization and IIR crosslinking networks. Second, stable peel strength across a wide temperature range (−45 °C to 80 °C) was achieved by utilizing the interfacial effects of nano-fillers. Subsequently, an innovative solvent-free two-component epoxy system was developed, combining medium molecular weight PIB internal plasticization, nano-silica hydrogen bond reinforcement, and latent curing agent regulation. This system achieves rapid surface drying within 30 min underwater and pull-off strength exceeding 3.5 MPa. Through systematic laboratory testing and field application experiments on offshore oil and gas well risers, the material’s fundamental properties and operational performance were determined. Results indicate that the material exhibits a peel strength of 5 N/cm on offshore oil risers, significantly extending the service life of the riser pipes. This research provides theoretical foundation and technical support for improving the efficiency and reliability of repair processes for offshore oil riser pipes.

This paper proposes a numerical simulation method for the dynamic motion of a flexible riser pipe undergoing vortex-induced vibration (VIV). The method is based on a finite difference scheme for solving nonlinear structural dynamics of the pipe and wake oscillator model for quantifying vortex-induced forces acting on the pipe, the combination of which can offer a very efficient and stable computation. To investigate the accuracy of the method, we performed simulations of the VIV of riser pipes under uniform flow and sheared flow conditions; and then compared obtained results with experiments of preceding works. We consequently confirmed that the present method can simulate a couple of important aspects of the VIV of the pipes: frequency, mode shape, and amplitude of displacement of cross-flow displacement.

Composite riser pipes are being paid more and more attention because of its lightweight and high strength comparing with the steel riser pipes. It mainly includes internal liner, elastic shear layer, structural composite overlap layers, external protective sleeve and additional composite layer and so on. In this paper, the mechanical analytical model of composite riser pipe is constructed. The equivalent material properties are obtained in the globe analysis, and from the local analysis, it found that the helical layers mainly bear bend loadings, and the hoop layers mainly bear internal pressures from the simplified composite joint local analysis. It is proved that the composite riser pipe has the excellent designability.

During the Deepwater Horizon disaster, a substantial fraction of the 600,000–900,000 tons of released petroleum liquid and natural gas became entrapped below the sea surface, but the quantity entrapped and the sequestration mechanisms have remained unclear. We modeled the buoyant jet of petroleum liquid droplets, gas bubbles, and entrained seawater, using 279 simulated chemical components, for a representative day (June 8, 2010) of the period after the sunken platform’s riser pipe was pared at the wellhead (June 4–July 15). The model predicts that 27% of the released mass of petroleum fluids dissolved into the sea during ascent from the pared wellhead (1,505 m depth) to the sea surface, thereby matching observed volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to the atmosphere. Based on combined results from model simulation and water column measurements, 24% of released petroleum fluid mass became channeled into a stable deep-water intrusion at 900- to 1,300-m depth, as aqueously dissolved compounds (∼23%) and suspended petroleum liquid microdroplets (∼0.8%). Dispersant injection at the wellhead decreased the median initial diameters of simulated petroleum liquid droplets and gas bubbles by 3.2-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, which increased dissolution of ascending petroleum fluids by 25%. Faster dissolution increased the simulated flows of water-soluble compounds into biologically sparse deep water by 55%, while decreasing the flows of several harmful compounds into biologically rich surface water. Dispersant injection also decreased the simulated emissions of VOCs to the atmosphere by 28%, including a 2,000-fold decrease in emissions of benzene, which lowered health risks for response workers.

At the different elevation of the spouted bed riser pipe layout pressure measuring point, each point below is equipped with purge air, avoid the granular poly group on the pressure measuring point, by adjusting the frequency of the bandpass filter, guarantee the accuracy of pressure measurement. Through experimental study, under the low superficial air velocity, riser pipe pressure pulsation standard deviation has a linear relationship with the superficial air velocity and obey the chi-square distribution, based on the above found , rising pipe pressure pulsation standard deviation forecast the incidence of granular poly group is proposed in this paper. By comparing rising pipe pressure pulsation standard deviation forecast method with conventional average pressure drop forecast method found, rising pipe pressure pulsation standard deviation has higher superficial air velocity recognition rate and less response time when the granular poly group,achieves the spouted bed fast forecast the granular poly group phenomenon.

To fully understand the environmental and ecological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, an accurate estimate of the total oil released is required. We used optical plume velocimetry to estimate the velocity of fluids issuing from the damaged well both before and after the collapsed riser pipe was removed. We then calculated the volumetric flow rate under a range of assumptions. With a liquid oil fraction of 0.4, we estimated that the average flow rate from 22 April 2010 to 3 June 2010 was 5.6 x 10⁴ ± 21% barrels/day (1.0 x 10⁻¹ meter³/second), excluding secondary leaks. After the riser was removed, the flow was 6.8 x 10⁴ ± 19% barrels/day (1.2 x 10⁻¹ meters³/second). Taking into account the oil collected at the seafloor, this suggests that 4.4 x 10⁶ ± 20% barrels of oil (7.0 x 10⁵ meters³) was released into the ocean.

Fracture toughness is an important index related to the service safety of marine risers, and weld is an essential component of the steel catenary risers. In this paper, microscopic structure characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), as well as mechanical experiments like crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and nanoindentation, were employed to conduct a detailed study on the influence of the microstructure characteristics of multi-wire submerged arc welded seams of steel catenary riser pipes on CTOD fracture toughness. The influence mechanisms of each microstructure characteristic on fracture toughness were clarified. The results show that the main structure in the weld of the steel catenary riser is acicular ferrite (AF), but there is also often side lath plate ferrite (FSP) and grain boundary ferrite (GBF). With the increase in the proportion of FSP and GBF in the weld microstructure, the CTOD fracture toughness of the weld decreases gradually. The weld AF is a braided cross arrangement structure, and most of the grain boundary orientation difference is higher than 45°. The effective grain size refinement of AF can effectively prevent crack propagation and significantly improve fracture toughness. GBF is distributed along proto-austenitic grain boundaries PAGB, and the large hardness difference between the GBF and the AF matrix weakens the grain boundary. Cracks can easy be initiated at the interface position of the two phases and can propagate along the GBF grain boundary, resulting in the deterioration of toughness. Although the hardness of FSP is between that of GBF and AF, it destroys the continuity of the overall weld microstructure and is also unfavorable to toughness.

Porosity due to solidification shrinkage is a troublesome defect in metal casting. It results in low yields and increased costs in production and limits the performance of cast components in service. By reliably predicting porosity in casting process simulation, porosity can be minimized or eliminated. Here, a new model for simulating the formation of shrinkage porosity during solidification is presented. The model is based on the recent discovery that shrinkage porosity nucleates and grows in regions of a casting where the solid fraction is the lowest. It calculates the feeding flows and pressure distribution in the liquid while accounting for the density variation during cooling and solidification. It predicts the location, extent and amount of all types of shrinkage porosity in a casting, including riser pipes and large internal holes, surface sinks, and distributed micro-shrinkage. Porosity predictions are presented for simple casting geometries and for a more complex Mn-steel experimental casting. The comparisons to the observations made in the experimental casting demonstrate the capability of the model to accurately predict the various types of shrinkage porosity. Numerical studies are performed to investigate the sensitivity of the predictions to various model parameters.

The use of life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings has largely ignored the embodied impacts of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems to date. MEP systems rely on significant proportions of metals and contain a multitude of complex components. A better understanding of the environmental impacts of MEP systems is needed to achieve a net-zero carbon future. LCA is used to determine the product [A1-A3] and transportation [A4] global warming potential ([GWP.sub.100]) impacts for variable air volume (VAV) and radiant systems in a case study building. The study serves as an initial step in developing benchmarks and impact reduction strategies for MEP systems. The study considers the material substitution from standard practice to PEX pipe throughout (Radiant: PEX in slab, copper and steel elsewhere; VAV: steel and copper) and for both a typical single-riser pipe layout as well as a multi-riser layout for both HVAC system types. When assessed for a four-story office building, the A1-A4 [GWP.sub.100] impacts for the pipe in the standard layout for the radiant and VAV systems are 1.1 kgC[O.sub.2]e/[m.sub.2] and 0.8 kgC[O.sub.2]e/[m.sub.2], respectively. Implementing a like-for-like material substitution to PEX with a single-riser layout led to 41% reduction for the pipe impacts in the radiant system and a 64% reduction for the VAV system. Employing a multi-riser layout with standard materials reduced the pipe impacts by 30% for the radiant system and 66% for the VAV system. To put this into perspective, the embodied impacts for the ductwork in the radiant and VAV systems in this building were 5.8 and 7.7 kgC[O.sub.2]e/[m.sup.2], respectively. The use of PEX and/or a multi-riser layout represent relatively easy changes that lead to measurable [GWP.sub.100] reductions for MEP systems.