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Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from the rupture of blood vessels causing bleeding within the brain and is one of the major causes of death and long-term disability globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite having a lower incidence than ischemic stroke, ICH imposes a greater social and economic burden. To our knowledge, since the release of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report, there has been no comprehensive update on the epidemiology and trends of ICH. This study aims to analyze the impact of gender, age, and the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) on the burden of ICH at global, regional, and national levels. Methods Data on the incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ICH and its related risk factors from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the GBD 2021 project, encompassing 203 countries and regions. Furthermore, temporal trends of the global intracerebral hemorrhage burden were assessed through Joinpoint analysis. Results In 2021, there were 3.444 million new cases of ICH worldwide, with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 40.8 per 100,000 people, representing a 31.4% decrease compared to 1990. In 2021, ICH caused 3.308 million deaths, with an age-standardized mortality rate of 39.1 per 100,000 people, a reduction of 36.6% since 1990. Globally, ICH accounted for 79.457 million DALYs, with an age-standardized DALY rate of 92.4 per 100,000 people, representing a 39.1% decrease since 1990. Regionally, Central Asia, Oceania, and Southeast Asia had the highest age-standardized prevalence rates of ICH, whereas Australasia, high-income North America, and Western Europe had the lowest rates. Nationally, the Solomon Islands, Mongolia, and Kiribati had the highest age-standardized prevalence rates, whereas Switzerland, New Zealand, and Australia had the lowest. Hypertension, smoking, and environmental pollution were identified as the primary risk factors for ICH. This study also validated the significant association between SDI and the burden of ICH, with the age-standardized DALY rate of ICH decreasing significantly as SDI increased. Conclusion Despite the decreasing burden of intracerebral hemorrhage, it remains a significant public health issue in countries with a lower SDI. Prevention strategies should prioritize hypertension management, air quality improvement, and smoking control to further mitigate the impact of intracerebral hemorrhage.

This research aimed to study the impact of risk factors on the success of irrigation projects in Thailand. Data were collected using questionnaires at irrigation agencies in various projects. A structural equation model (SEM) was then developed, and the risks of various factors affecting the irrigation project were analysed. The study results found that the risk factors affecting the construction process were as follows: The study results found that the risk factors affecting the construction process were as follows: In terms of work control, the presence of multiple chains of command led to delays in decision-making. This was followed by delays caused by the employer’s material approval process, the lack of clear and detailed construction project planning by the employer, and delays resulting from the performance of subcontractors. The factors mentioned above resulted in the highest score of all 56 factors. The findings of this study showed factors that affected the project, causing project managers, related agencies, or stakeholders to know and find a way for problem solution. The results of this study have found that the SEM values of risk management affecting the construction irrigation project have passed the criteria and have caused the relationship. Those values consist of significance chi-square ( -value = 0.799), chi-square relation value at 0.413, normal fit index (NFI) value at 0.999, goodness of fit index (GFI) value at 0.999, CFI value at 0.999, standardised root mean square residual (RMR) value at 0.029, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value at 0.001.

This research addresses significant gaps in coalbed methane development risk assessment, traditionally focused narrowly on economic aspects. Introducing an advanced “Fuzzy Cognitive Map” (FCM) model integrated with “Interpretive Structural Modelling” (ISM) and triangular fuzzy numbers, this study offers a robust framework, exemplified in Jamalganj case study in Bangladesh. The study uses the ISM knowledge-mapping algorithm to analyze relationships between indicator nodes. Starting with a direct relationship matrix, the algorithm constructs a comprehensive relationship matrix that includes both direct and indirect connections. This involves identifying direct influences between nodes and their permutations in the transposed matrix. The algorithm’s iterative process ensures a thorough mapping of interactions, resulting in a nuanced understanding of the system’s structure and dynamics. This method enhances the precision of relationship modeling and risk assessment. The fuzzy cognitive model analysis reveals that the risk value for coalbed methane development in Jamalganj is 0.665, indicating a medium level of social ecological risk. Early stages show high pollutant concentration values, while the middle stage highlights production mechanization and occupational hazards. In the late stage, economic loss becomes the dominant factor, requiring focused management to mitigate its impact. Integrating ISM knowledge mapping and triangular fuzzy numbers into the FCM model, refined by the nonlinear Hebbian learning algorithm, enhances environmental and socio-economic risk assessments in coalbed methane development, aiding policymakers in sustainable resource management.

In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

To identify the factors affecting adverse reproductive outcomes in TPOAb-positive patients and to establish a predictive model based on these factors to assess the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes in patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including 326 TPOAb-positive female patients who visited the reproductive medicine clinic of our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022. Patients were divided into groups with adverse reproductive outcomes and without adverse reproductive outcomes based on clinical outcomes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26.0 and R software, and independent risk factors for adverse reproductive outcomes were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, followed by the construction of a nomogram predictive model. The predictive performance of the model was assessed using the ROC curve. Additionally, a subgroup analysis was conducted within the adverse reproductive outcomes group. Logistic regression analyses were performed for the three subgroups: recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, and no usable embryos, to explore specific risk factors for each subgroup and compare the performance of predictive models for each subgroup. Univariate analysis showed that age, AMH levels, TPOAb concentration, TSH levels, and endometriosis are significant factors affecting adverse reproductive outcomes (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis further confirmed these factors as independent risk factors for adverse reproductive outcomes. The established nomogram predictive model showed good predictive performance in both the training set (AUC = 0.901) and the validation set (AUC = 0.858). Subgroup analysis showed that TSH levels, TPOAb concentration, age, AMH levels, and endometriosis were common risk factors for the three groups, but their weights differed. The nomogram model demonstrated the best predictive performance in the RIF group (AUC = 0.926), while its predictive performance was relatively lower in the RPL group (AUC = 0.869). This study successfully established a nomogram predictive model for adverse reproductive outcomes in TPOAb-positive patients. Through subgroup analysis, we identified the specific risk factors and predictive performance for subgroups of recurrent miscarriage, repeated implantation failure, and unavailable embryos, providing a reference for precise clinical assessment and intervention.

INTRODUCTION Understanding the impact of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) on dementia risk can inform primary preventative measures. METHODS We leveraged a nationwide, population‐based Medicare dataset of 20,789,037 beneficiaries (756,321 with incident dementia and 20,032,716 controls) from 2017 to compute the individual and combined population attributable fractions (PAFs) of dementia attributed to eight CMDs, adjusted for age, sex, and race. We mapped PAFs at the county level to investigate the geospatial patterns of CMD burden on dementia across the United States. RESULTS The nationwide combined weighted PAF for the eight CMDs was 37% overall, with hypertension (9.6%), ischemic heart disease (6.7%), and chronic heart failure (5.7%) associated with the greatest attributable fractions of dementia cases. The greatest fraction of county‐level dementia cases attributed to CMDs were in the Southeastern United States. DISCUSSION A substantial proportion of incident dementia cases in the United States can be attributed to CMDs, especially in the Southeastern United States. Highlights Investigated the combined effect of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) on dementia. Used novel geospatial techniques to map the burden of dementia attributed to CMDs. If eight CMDs are mitigated, 37% of incident dementia cases could be eliminated. Identified regions of the United States with high CMD burden on dementia.

A lack of accurate information on the prevalence and distribution of Anoplocephala spp. infections on horse farms has led to insufficient attention to tapeworm control and increasing horse anoplocephaloses in Europe. Our study aimed to examine the occurrence of Anoplocephala spp. infection using coprological, serum- and saliva-based antibody detection methods and to analyze the risk factors associated with tapeworm infection in domestic horses in Slovakia. Fecal, serum, and saliva samples were collected from 427 horses from 31 farms in Slovakia. Additionally, a questionnaire study was conducted to collect information on tapeworm distribution on horse farms and analyze risk factors associated with infection. Fecal samples were examined by the mini-FLOTAC and the double centrifugation/combined sedimentation-flotation techniques. Serum and saliva samples were analyzed by ELISA to determine antibody levels against Anoplocephala spp. The effects of variables associated with an individual horse were tested for the positive result of the saliva ELISA test on Anoplocephala spp. Cestode eggs were detected in 1.99% of fecal samples (farm prevalence 12.90%), with no differences between the two coprological methods. Serum-based tapeworm ELISA results revealed that 39.39% of horses tested positive (farm prevalence 83.87%); while saliva-based tapeworm ELISA results revealed 56.95% positive horses (farm prevalence 96.77%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed four meaningful predictors that significantly impacted the likelihood of detecting tapeworm infection in horses: horse age, pasture size, anthelmintic treatment scheme, and access to pasture. The influences of other variables associated with an individual horse were not significantly associated with detecting tapeworm infection.

Ehrlichia canis is a tick-borne bacterium that causes a potentially fatal disease in dogs called canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. In this cross-sectional study, we used a One Health framework to identify statistical associations between E. canis infection in dogs and multiple dog-related, human and environmental factors in Iquitos, Peru. Due to the lack of consensus regarding the positivity threshold for E. canis qPCR assays, we also evaluated if the factors associated with infection remained conserved regardless of the Ct value cut-off used: Ct < 35, a conservative but commonly accepted Ct cut-off for bacterial screening, or Ct ≤ 40, which has been used in several E. canis studies. Under the more conservative scenario, we found that the prevalence of E. canis among dogs was 19.6% (95% CI 15.8–23.9%). Additionally, we showed that risk factor analyses utilizing a qPCR Ct cut-off of 35 or 40 (with conventional PCR confirmation for samples with a Ct > 35) yield comparable results in statistical models, although some differences should be considered. Our findings suggest that in Iquitos, Peru, interventions to prevent E. canis infection should prioritize dogs living in houses with corrugated iron walls. Additionally, comprehensive strategies targeting dogs that have recently traveled and incorporating neutering/spaying and widespread acaricide programs may also prove beneficial. We also discuss the challenges encountered during molecular testing for E. canis detection, highlighting the broader difficulties of studying poorly understood intracellular pathogens in Global South countries.

Objective This study aims to systematically elucidate the burden of blindness and vision loss (BVL) attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 and to forecast the trends in BVL burden over the next decade. Methods We extracted data on years lived with disability (YLDs) and age-standardized YLDs rate (ASYR) related to blindness and vision loss (BVL) caused by smoking, including cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database for the years 1990 to 2021. These data were disaggregated by age, gender, sociodemographic index (SDI), region, and country. Temporal trends in the burden of smoking-induced BVL were evaluated by calculating the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Results BVL attributable to smoking presents a significant disease burden, with global BVL-related YLDs attributable to smoking increasing from 1990 to 2021, while ASYR showed a declining trend. In 2021, the global BVL-related YLDs and ASYR attributable to smoking were estimated at 284.03 thousand and 3.27 per 100,000 population. The ASYR for cataract and AMD are 2.60 and 0.68 per 100,000, respectively. The burden was notably higher in males than females, highlighting significant gender disparities. Regionally, the highest burdens were observed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. It is expected that the number of global BVL-related YLDs will increase further by 2030. Conclusion Smoking has imposed a substantial disease burden on BVL over the past three decades. The burden is predominantly concentrated among males, particularly older individuals and those in low to middle-SDI regions. Moreover, the burden of smoking-induced BVL is expected to continue improving over the next decade.