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A Social History of Early Rock 'n' Roll in Germany
A Social History of Early Rock 'n' Roll in Germany explores the people and spaces of St. Pauli's rock'n'roll scene in the 1960s. Starting in 1960, young British rockers were hired to entertain tourists in Hamburg's red-light district around the Reeperbahn in the area of St. Pauli. German youths quickly joined in to experience the forbidden thrill of rock'n'roll, and used African American sounds to distance themselves from the old Nazi generation. In 1962 the Star Club opened and drew international attention for hosting some of the Beatles' most influential performances. In this book, Julia Sneeringer weaves together this story of youth culture with histories of sex and gender, popular culture, media, and subculture. By exploring the history of one locale in depth, Sneeringer offers a welcome contribution to the scholarly literature on space, place, sound and the city, and pays overdue attention to the impact that Hamburg had upon music and style. She is also careful to place performers such as The Beatles back into the social, spatial, and musical contexts that shaped them and their generation. This book reveals that transnational encounters between musicians, fans, entrepreneurs and businessmen in St. Pauli produced a musical style that provided emotional and physical liberation and challenged powerful forces of conservatism and conformity with effects that transformed the world for decades to come.
eBook
Little rock
The desegregation crisis in Little Rock is a landmark of American history: on September 4, 1957, after the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called up the National Guard to surround Little Rock Central High School, preventing black students from going in. On September 25, 1957, nine black students, escorted by federal troops, gained entrance. With grace and depth, Little Rock provides fresh perspectives on the individuals, especially the activists and policymakers, involved in these dramatic events. Looking at a wide variety of evidence and sources, Karen Anderson examines American racial politics in relation to changes in youth culture, sexuality, gender relations, and economics, and she locates the conflicts of Little Rock within the larger political and historical context.
eBook
What are metamorphic rocks?
Heat, pressure and stress can also change some igneous or sedimentary rocks into other kinds of rocks. This fact-filled book describes the process that turns limestone into marble, shale into slate, and granite into gneiss. Metamorphic rocks are often used as materials for floors, roofs, and counter tops because of their beauty.
Book
A Study on Crack Damage Stress Thresholds of Different Rock Types Based on Uniaxial Compression Tests
When rock samples are loaded until macroscopic fractures develop, the failure process can be divided into several stages based on axial and lateral strain responses or the acoustic emission sequence during uniaxial compression tests. Several stress thresholds may be identified: the crack closure stress
σ
cc
, crack initiation stress
σ
ci
, crack damage stress
σ
cd
, and uniaxial compressive strength
σ
ucs
; these may be used as a warning indicator for rock rupture. We investigated the crack damage stress
σ
cd
, its threshold, and a possible relationship between
σ
cd
and the uniaxial compressive strength. The
σ
cd
of different rock types were compiled from previous studies based on uniaxial compression tests. The results showed that the overall averages and standard deviations of
σ
cd
/σ
ucs
for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.11), ~0.85 (±0.11), and ~0.73 (±0.18), respectively. There were no significant differences in
σ
cd
/σ
ucs
between the different rock types, except that the sedimentary rock had a slightly larger standard deviation attributed to the variation of porosity in the samples, while the metamorphic rock had higher average
σ
cd
/σ
ucs
resulting from the small statistical sample size. By excluding the higher-porosity (>10 %) rock samples, the averages and standard deviations of
σ
cd
/σ
ucs
for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks were ~0.78 (±0.09), ~0.85 (±0.09), and ~0.78 (±0.11), respectively. The results imply that the rock origin process (i.e., igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) has a minimal effect on
σ
cd
/σ
ucs
. The ratio
σ
cd
/
σ
ucs
could be an essential intrinsic property for low-porosity rocks, which could be used in rock engineering for predicting the failure process.
Journal Article
Igneous rocks
Explores Earth science's natural processes, how geologists study igneous rocks, and how igneous rocks relate to the our daily life.
Book
Early continental crust generated by reworking of basalts variably silicified by seawater
The Archaean continental crust comprises two major groups of silicon-rich granitoids: the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite and granite–monzonite–syenite suites, which differ in their sodium-to-potassium ratios. How these felsic granitoids evolved from their mafic precursors remains elusive and the subject of great debate. Here, we present silicon isotopic constraints on the formation of representative trondhjemitic and granitic plutons from the Kaapvaal craton that range in age from 3.51–2.69 billion years ago. We identified very consistent silicon isotopic signatures, all uniformly 0.1–0.2‰ heavier than rocks of the modern continental crust. This unusual composition is explained by the melting of a mafic source that included significant proportions (15–35 wt%) of silicified basalts, which were common supracrustal rocks before 3 billion years ago. Before the melting event that formed the granitoid magmas at depth, portions of the mafic source rocks were enriched in silica by interaction with silica-saturated seawater. The addition of silica depresses the stability of amphibole at similar water activity, allowing trondhjemitic and granitic melt production at lower temperatures from protoliths with contrasting silica contents: 52–57 and ≥60 wt%, respectively. This explains why granitoids were able to form very early in Earth history but did not emerge in significant amounts on other rocky planets.
Journal Article
Sedimentary rocks
Explores Earth science's natural processes, how geologists study sedimentary rocks, and how sedimentary rocks relate to our daily life.
Book
Petrology on Mars
Petrologic investigations of martian rocks have been accomplished by mineralogical, geochemical, and textural analyses from Mars rovers (with geologic context provided by orbiters), and by laboratory analyses of martian meteorites. Igneous rocks are primarily lavas and volcaniclastic rocks of basaltic composition, and ultramafic cumulates; alkaline rocks are common in ancient terranes and tholeiitic rocks occur in younger terranes, suggesting global magmatic evolution. Relatively uncommon feldspathic rocks represent the ultimate fractionation products, and granitic rocks are unknown. Sedimentary rocks are of both clastic (mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate, all containing significant igneous detritus) and chemical (evaporitic sulfate and less common carbonate) origin. High-silica sediments formed by hydrothermal activity. Sediments on Mars formed from different protoliths and were weathered under different environmental conditions from terrestrial sediments. Metamorphic rocks have only been inferred from orbital remote-sensing measurements. Metabasalt and serpentinite have mineral assemblages consistent with those predicted from low-pressure phase equilibria and likely formed in geothermal systems. Shock effects are common in martian meteorites, and impact breccias are probably widespread in the planet's crustal rocks. The martian rock cycle during early periods was similar in many respects to that of Earth. However, without plate tectonics Mars did not experience the thermal metamorphism and flux melting associated with subduction, nor deposition in subsided basins and rapid erosion resulting from tectonic uplift. The rock cycle during more recent time has been truncated by desiccation of the planet's surface and a lower geothermal gradient in its interior. The petrology of Mars is intriguingly different from Earth, but the tried-and-true methods of petrography and geochemistry are clearly translatable to another world.
Journal Article