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In this fully updated and redesigned edition of the essential and long-established Stadia , the authors offer their unrivalled expertise to all professionals who commission, plan, design, and manage high-quality sports venues. Ideas about the design and use of stadiums continue to evolve and this fifth edition includes the latest developments in the field. Including updated chapters on sustainability, masterplanning and services, a new chapter on branding activation, and new global case studies, the fifth edition of Stadia is the ultimate guide to all aspects of stadium design, from local club buildings to international showpieces. In addition to a wide array of international case studies, the authors draw on the experience of the design firm Populous who in recent years delivered the 2010 Yankees Stadium in New York; the 2010 Aviva stadium, Dublin; the 2004 Benfica stadium, Lisbon; the 2010 Soccer City FNB Stadium, Johannesburg; the 2012 Marlins Park, Miami; and the 2012 new Olympic Stadium, London. Foreword by Jacques Rogge, President of the IOC Preface and acknowledgements Picture credits 1. The stadium as a building type 1.1 A venue for watching sport 1.2 History 1.3 Current requirements 2. The future 2.1 The importance of the stadium as a building type 2.2 Economics of stadia 2.3 Stadium technology 2.4 Ergonomics and the environment 2.5 What is the future for the stadium? 3. Masterplanning 3.1 The need for a masterplan at all sports grounds 3.2 Orientation of play 3.3 Zoning of the venue 3.4 Event overlay - what needs to be added to hold the event 3.5 Security against terrorism 3.6 Stadia in the city 4. External planning 4.1 Location 4.2 Transportation 4.3 Provision of parking 4.4 Stadium landscaping 5. Form and structure 5.1 The stadium as architecture 5.2 Structure and form 5.3 Materials 5.4 The playing surface 5.5 Foundations 5.6 Seating tiers 5.7 Concourses, stairs and ramps 5.8 Roof 6. Security and anti-terrorism measures 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The threats from terrorism 6.3 Authorities 6.4 Implications for management and operation 6.5 Responses by the design team 6.6 Conclusion 7 . Activity area 7.1 Playing surfaces 7.2 Pitch dimensions, layout and boundaries 8. Sports and multi-purpose use 8.1 Introduction 8.2 National sports traditions 8.3 Financial viability 8.4 Catering for different sports 8.5 Catering for non-sports performances 9. Crowd control 9.1 General 9.2 Perimeter fences 9.3 Moats 9.4 Changes of level 10. Providing for disabled people 10.1 Equal treatment 10.2 Sources of information 10.3 Design process 11. Spectator viewing 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ground capacity 11.3 Viewing distances 11.4 Viewing angles and sightlines 11.5 Obstructions to viewing 12. Spectator seating 12.1 Basic decisions 12.2 Seat types 12.3 Seat materials, finishes and colours 12.4 Choice 12.5 Dimensions 12.6 Seat fixings 12.7 Seating for spectators with disabilities 13. Private viewing and facilities 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Trends 13.3 Design 13.4 Multi-use 14. Circulation 14.1 Basic principles 14.2 Stadium layout 14.3 Access between Zone 5 and Zone 4 14.4 Access between Zone 4 and Zone 3 14.5 Overall design for inward movement 14.6 Overall design for outward movement 14.7 Elements 14.8 Facilities for people with disabilities 15. Food and beverage catering 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Automatic vending machines 15.3 Concessions 15.4 Bars 15.5 Self-service cafeterias, food courts and restaurants 15.6 Luxury restaurants 16. Toilet provision 16.1 Toilet provision generally 16.2 Toilets for spectators 16.3 Scales of provision for spectator toilets 16.4 Location of spectator toilets 16.5 Detailed design 17. Retail sales and exhibitions 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Advance ticket sales 17.3 Programme sales 17.4 Gift and souvenir shops 17.5 Museums, visitor centres and stadium tours 18. The media 18.1 Basic planning 18.2 Outside facilities 18.3 Press facilities 18.4 Radio broadcast facilities 18.5 Television broadcast facilities 18.6 Reception, conference and interview rooms 18.7 Provision for disabled people 19. Administrative operations 19.1 Basic planning 19.2 Facilities for permanent management 19.3 Facilities for temporary events management 19.4 Facilities for visitors 19.5 Provision for stewards 19.6 Facilities for police and security officials 19.7 Toilets 19.8 First aid facilities for staff and spectators 19.9 Provision for disabled people 20. Facilities for players and officials 20.1 Basic planning 20.2 Players’ facilities 20.3 Team management facilities 20.4 Officials’ facilities 20.5 Medical examination facilities 20.06 Ancillary facilities 20.7 Provision for disabled people 21. Services 21.1 Lighting systems 21.2 Closed-circuit television systems 21.3 Sound systems 21.4 Heating and cooling systems 21.5 Fire detection and fighting systems 21.6 Power supply and event continuation 21.7 Water supply and drainage services 21.8 Information technology 22. Maintenance 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Pitch maintenance 22.3 Stand maintenance 23. Operation and funding 23.1 Stadium finances 23.2 Capital costs 23.3 Operating costs 23.4 Income generation 23.5 Controlling costs and revenues 23.6 Conclusion 24. Sustainable design 24.1 What is sustainable design 24.2 Re-use 24.3 Reduce 24.4 Recycle 24.5 Planting and green roofs 24.6 Certification 24.7 Future technologies 25. Brand activation 25.1 Maximising revenue 25.2 Time, not space 25.3 Brand activation through integration: The fan experience 25.4 Marrying team brand with commercial identities 25.5 The process Appendix 1: Stadia briefing guide Appendix 2:Video screens and electronic scoreboards Appendix 3: Case studies 01. Allianz Arena Munich, Germany 02. Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam, Netherlands 03. Anz Stadium Sydney, Australia 04. Arizona Cardinals Stadium Phoenix, USA 05. Ascot Racecourse Ascot, UK 06. Astana Stadium Astana, Kazakhstan 07. At&T Park San Francisco, USA 08. Aviva Stadium Dublin, Ireland 09. Braga Municipal Stadium Braga, Portugal 10. Cowboys Stadium Dallas, USA 11. Donbass Arena Donetsk, Ukraine 12. Emirates Stadium London, UK 13. Forsyth-Barr Stadium Dunedin, New Zealand 14. Greenpoint Stadium Cape Town, South Africa 15. Heinz Field Pittsburgh, USA 16. Marlins Park Miami, USA 17. Melbourne Cricket Ground Melbourne, Australia 18. Telstra Dome Melbourne, Australia 19. Nanjing Sports Park Nanjing, China 20. Oita Stadium Oita, Japan 21. Olympic Stadium London, UK 22. The Oval London, UK 23. Reliant Stadium Houston, USA 24. Salzburg Stadium Salzburg, Austria 25. Soccer City Johannesburg, South Africa 26. Soldier Field Chicago, USA 27. Stade De France Paris, France 28. Statteg Sports And Leisure Facility, Graz, Austria 29. Wembley Stadium London, UK 30. Westpac Stadium Wellington, New Zealand 31. Wimbledon Aeltc: Centre Court London, UK Geraint John RIBA Dip Arch (UCL) CISRM MILAM FRSA Honorary Life President of the UIA (International Union of Architects) Sports and Leisure Programme Former Chief Architect at GB Sports Council Rod Sheard Dip Arch (QUT) RIBA ARAIA FRSA Stadium designer and Senior Principal of Populous Author of The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture Ben Vickery RIBA BA Dip Arch FRSA Senior Principal of Populous and co-author of the SGSA guide on concourses

Mr [Rod Sheard], senior principal of Populous, said the Olympic Delivery Authority risked ridicule for a Pounds 7 million saving -- and feared that without it the Pounds 516 million venue might receive a hostile reception. The wrap was to be decorated with an Olympic-themed mural, providing an attractive curtain, while also minimising crosswinds.

\"If the house were more imposing, we might feel differently. But it's not sacrosanct. We move things about all the time. Corbusier had it just about right when he talked about machines for living. We don't dwell on it. It's a utilitarian thing.\" From where I'm sitting, on a pale leather sofa, I can see an Arco floor lamp but not much else in the way of iconic pieces. Where, I wonder, is his Eames recliner? Isn't it the law that he should own one? He laughs. \"We've got a Corb recliner.\" Is he fussy about furniture? \"Only to a minimal level. Architects get things out of perspective sometimes.\"

\"Sydney took the opening and closing ceremony into the air with cables, Beijing has demonstrated what is currently possible using lighting and visual imagery,\" said [Rod Sheard], who designed the Sydney Olympic stadium and Wembley. \"The London Olympic stadium will be the beginning of digital technology. We see the stadium as the ultimate communication device.\" The London mayor, Boris Johnson, who arrived at the games on Thursday and will take the Olympic flag at Sunday's closing ceremony, has admitted to being \"dazzled\" by the Beijing games, but has promised \"fantastic ingenuity\" to match the Chinese staging. Beijing's Birds Nest stadium and bubble-wrapped water cube swimming pool have been widely acclaimed as among the most startling Olympic architecture ever, but cost more than twice the London budget of pounds 9.3bn. The president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge, warned yesterday that London 2012 would have to live up to Beijing's standards. \"London has and will have to deliver as well as China in the welfare of the athletes,\" he told the BBC. \"I mean the quality of the Olympic Village, the quality of the transportation from the Village to the venues, the operation of the venues. This has to be as good because the games are for the athletes. The games are not for London, the games are not for Great Britain, the games are not for the IOC.\"

\"Nice isn't it,\" Mr [Rod Sheard] said yesterday without a hint of irony. A love of sport and passion to make it more accessible has helped. \"It's inevitable brought up in Australia during the era we were brought up in, sport was just part of our lives,\" the former Indooroopilly High School and later Queensland University of Technology graduate said. \"It didn't really matter what sport it was, football, soccer, rugby, cricket, we were totally absorbed. Tennis was the one I had some skill at. I got to the age as a kid where you make a big decision of getting educated or taking the risk and go on the circuit. I use to play with (former world No. 3) Wendy Turnbull. \"Do you really have to enjoy sport to design sports buildings? Probably not if you are ruthlessly honest but it does seem to help, it certainly helps me.

The contrast with the spectacular \"bird's nest\" stadium taking shape in Beijing for next summer's Olympics could not be greater, but the architect Rod Sheard, of HOK Sport, was unapologetic. \"We've ended up with a very tight, very compelling bowl,\" he said. \"The atmosphere inside this bowl, we think, will be pretty special.\" \"It's the 21st century and it's time we started doing things differently,\" said Sheard. \"The agenda laid down by Seb (Coe) and his team demanded that we do this one differently.\"

The design is driven by a commitment made during London's bid to leave a world-class athletics legacy in the capital rather than a succession of grandiose white elephants. The contrast with the spectacular \"Bird's Nest\" stadium taking shape in Beijing for next summer's Olympics could not be greater, but architect Rod Sheard, of HOK Sport, was unapologetic. Mr Sheard, whose design credits include the new Wembley stadium, the main grandstand at Ascot and the planned Centre Court roof at Wimbledon, said the design was innovative and would deliver an intimate, powerful atmosphere. \"We've ended up with a very tight, very compelling bowl,\" he said. \"The atmosphere inside this bowl, we think, will be pretty special.\" John Armitt, chairman of the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), described the design as \"inspirational\", but indicated that costs could rise: \"We have an estimated price today of pounds 496m,\" he said. \"In terms of our ability to work within it, pounds 500m is a lot of money in anybody's terms and we're determined to work within it, but if for any reason whatsoever there is a requirement for some extra then we have a contingency within the scheme covering this and we may have to use some of that, but that is not the plan.\"

London, it seems, is taking no chances. Although described yesterday at the official unveiling, in a cruelly wind-scythed Stratford, as \"cutting edge\" by the mayor of London, \"a new blueprint for building Olympic stadia\" by Lord [Coe] and \"stunning\" by Tessa Jowell, the Olympics minister, the pounds 496m design looked rather tame and not a little like a conservative version of the sort of thing pop-era architects of the 60s used to dream up in swinging London but never quite got to build.

Designing the roof was a major challenge for [Rod Sheard], of the Putney-based firm HOK Sport. He is the architect of the moment in the pounds 2billion sports-venue building boom in the south-east of England with his other projects including Wembley Stadium, Ascot racecourse, Arsenal's Emirates Stadium and the Olympic Stadium in Stratford, east London. Quite apart from the Centre Court being a 1920s building with no provision having been made for putting a lid on it (which is why four supporting columns are under construction), the stadium is so hemmed in that Sheard found there was nowhere for a moving roof to move to. 'So we came up with the idea of the folding fabric roof, the umbrella idea,' he says.

The Brisbane-born [Rod Sheard] came to London in 1975 and joined the architecture firm Lobb, which was involved in sports buildings. \"It was unusual to specialise. People were churned out of architecture school with the belief that a good architect could design a hospital one day and go straight to a housing development the next day. But as buildings became more complex, it became clear some level of specialisation was useful. When Sheard's firm designed Stadium Australia for the Sydney Olympics, it had one million square feet of \"carpet area\", for bars, restaurants and places for spectators to go while not watching the action. Wembley has 2m sq ft. \"In less than 10 years, although the playing field is the same size and the bowl is roughly the same size, all that event experience packed into Wembley is twice the size.\" Sheard says stadiums have gone through five generations since the late 19th century, with the original emphasis on maximising attendance. Second-generation stadiums placed greater emphasis on improving spectator comfort. In the third generation, encouraged by the Disneyland experience, stadiums became more welcoming to families. The fourth generation became backdrops to televised events, while in the fifth generation stadiums became a focus for improving inner cities.