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The physical environment of classrooms has a strong relationship with student learning performance and health. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2019, almost all universities have begun implementing closed instructional management, which has forced students to spend a much longer amount of time inside the classroom. This has also led to an increasing problem of thermal comfort in classroom indoor environments. In this paper, classrooms evolved from three dominant teaching modes at Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (ZSTU), located in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter (HSCW) zone of China, were selected as experimental spaces. Meanwhile, 12 learning groups with 60 students (30 of each sex) were selected as the tested samples. The relationship between thermal comfort and learning efficiency of the tested students was established through thermal comfort questionnaires and learning efficiency tests under the typical natural conditions in transition seasons. Based on this, improvement strategies were proposed for the current state of the classroom environment, providing a database for optimizing the environmental conditions of university classrooms in HSCW zone on the basis of improving students’ learning efficiency.

Endotoxin exposure may cause asthma exacerbations and contribute to non-atopic respiratory diseases. Viet Nam, a country with multiple house types, is lacking data on indoor contamination by endotoxin in regard with house types. The comparison of measured settled dust endotoxin levels among house types in Ho Chi Minh city will allow to classify the house types regarding health risks. This study is a cross-sectional study. Five identified house types were selected: apartment (APA), rental (REN), rural (RUR), slum (SLU) and tube house (TUB). One hundred house's endotoxin contamination was evaluated by questionnaire and dust sampling. Endotoxin concentration was measured by kinetic chromogenic Limulus assay. dotoxin concentration (geometric mean 126.0 EU/mg, 95%CI 118.3-133.7) is particularly high in settled house dust compared to western countries and is significantly associated with the house type. The highest level was found in RUR in each room (p = 0.002 for living room; p < 0.0001 for bedrooms and for kitchens). Concerning levels in the different rooms, APA and TUB form a low group while REN and SLU (p < 0.001) form a median group and RUR the highest (p < 0.001). Differences in endotoxin levels were associated to the presence of dog, chicken and farm animals, wood cooking, air-conditioning usage. Further understanding of the relevant factors to endotoxin levels would contribute to prevent asthma exacerbations and chronic respiratory diseases. Public health interventions to reduce exposure to endotoxin include improving housing conditions, eliminating risk factors and a priority to high-risk house types.

Housing poverty was already a social problem in Japan before the COVID-19 pandemic. The research questions of this study were as follows: How many private rental apartments that are affordable for low-income groups exist in the real estate market? Additionally, do these rental apartments have enough rooms? This study aimed to clarify the housing affordability of private rental apartments in Osaka Prefecture according to room type. In this study, we analyzed housing affordability based on room types and housing conditions using a real estate dataset. In conclusion, this study found that housing affordability is problematic in terms of quantity and quality among the private rental apartments for multiple households in Osaka Prefecture. Additionally, it was found that the role of old wooden low-rent housingbuildings has declined as affordable housing. In particular, the total number of two-room and over three-room-type low-rent housing was less than 8000 units, accounting for only 4.2% of all private rental apartments in the real estate market. The distributed supply of low-rent housing has potential risks in maintaining a stable life for low-income groups with multi-person households. Those low-income groups are forced to live in higher-rent housing or one-room-type low-rent housing.

In this article I investigate the spatial development of Swedish district courthouses and their different room types from 1970 to 2020, with attention to the specificities and commonalities with other building types. How have spatial form and use travelled between building types during this period, and how has this contributed to the recent, quite radical developments and transformation of the courthouse as a building type? In the article, I focus particularly on aspects relating to the architectural and spatial culture of citation, and on what I call territorial mimetics here. Based on a mixed-method approach, the study traces and discusses five spatial themes of typological change in district courthouses, trends that also can be seen as a part of deeper spatial and mimetic tendencies circulating in Swedish society during these decades. I conclude with a discussion of the specific mimetic style of the courthouse as characterised by an ongoing negotiation between type-specific rules and cross-type models.

A patient's likelihood to recommend a hospital is used to assess the quality of their experience. This study investigated whether room type influences patients’ likelihood to recommend Stanford Health Care using Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey data from November 2018 to February 2021 (n = 10,703). The percentage of patients who gave the top response was calculated as a top box score, and the effects of room type, service line, and the COVID-19 pandemic were represented as odds ratios (ORs). Patients in private rooms were more likely to recommend than patients in semi-private rooms (aOR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.16–1.51; 86% vs 79%, p < .001), and service lines with only private rooms had the greatest increases in odds of a top response. The new hospital had significantly higher top box scores than the original hospital (87% vs 84%, p < .001), indicating that room type and hospital environment impact patients’ likelihood to recommend.

Current indoor mapping approaches can detect accurate geometric information but are incapable of detecting the room type or dismiss this issue. This work investigates the feasibility of inferring the room type by using grammars based on geometric maps. Specifically, we take the research buildings at universities as examples and create a constrained attribute grammar to represent the spatial distribution characteristics of different room types as well as the topological relations among them. Based on the grammar, we propose a bottom-up approach to construct a parse forest and to infer the room type. During this process, Bayesian inference method is used to calculate the initial probability of belonging an enclosed room to a certain type given its geometric properties (e.g., area, length, and width) that are extracted from the geometric map. The approach was tested on 15 maps with 408 rooms. In 84% of cases, room types were defined correctly. It, to a certain degree, proves that grammars can benefit semantic enrichment (in particular, room type tagging).

Before putting air conditioner into market, it must be checked strictly by inspection department. Balanced ambient room-type calorimeter chamber is used to measure the conditioner performance according to energy balance principle. At present, the principle of conservation of energy is a method with higher accuracy for air conditioner test. In this paper, we focus on introducing the measuring method of condensed water in the test system after explaining the principle of the air conditioning performance test balanced ambient room-type calorimeter chamber. it is used to balance the capacity measured in evaporator air conditioner by controlling the water inflow of the humidifier. In this way, can we achieve precise measuring the cooling capacity of the air conditioner.

In this study, the authors collected the data of 229 classrooms in 15 municipal elementary schools in a city, and sorted them into 5 categories according to the degree of openness of the classrooms in the design of borders between classroom and hallway. First, the authors examined the influence of 5 major factors on the degree of concentration of the children during classwork. As a result, the following were found: (1) the degree of concentration of the children is influenced by the classroom plan type and the number and ratio of children in the class who require special supports, and is neither affected by teaching experience of the teacher nor the total number of the children in the class. (2) The general trend of concentration of children in full‐open classrooms does not differ significantly from that in conventional classrooms. However, in the classrooms equipped with movable partition panels for partially separating the classroom from the hallway, it is significantly lower than in the classrooms of other types. The factors of distraction in physical environments were then further analyzed and discussed.

Over the course of the first millennium BCE, from the Dark Age to the Hellenistic period, forms of Greek domestic architecture kept pace with overall developments in Greek culture itself, transformed not only by social custom but also by building technology. Both were fueled by an ever increasing prosperity which ultimately had its roots in the household economy, as the term oikonomia (literally, “household management”) suggests. Here we explore how each of these, in their turn, impacted upon the forms of Greek domestic architecture, and how Greek houses utilized elements of materials and design to cope with, both maximizing and mitigating, effects of climate and community.