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Antibacterial Activity of Pharmaceutical-Grade Rose Bengal: An Application of a Synthetic Dye in Antibacterial Therapies
Rose bengal has been used in the diagnosis of ophthalmic disorders and liver function, and has been studied for the treatment of solid tumor cancers. To date, the antibacterial activity of rose bengal has been sporadically reported; however, these data have been generated with a commercial grade of rose bengal, which contains major uncontrolled impurities generated by the manufacturing process (80–95% dye content). A high-purity form of rose bengal formulation (HP-RBf, >99.5% dye content) kills a battery of Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains at low concentrations (0.01–3.13 μg/mL) under fluorescent, LED, and natural light in a few minutes. Significantly, HP-RBf effectively eradicates Gram-positive bacterial biofilms. The frequency that Gram-positive bacteria spontaneously developed resistance to HP-RB is extremely low (less than 1 × 10−13). Toxicity data obtained through our research programs indicate that HP-RB is feasible as an anti-infective drug for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbial invasion of the skin, and for eradicating biofilms. This article summarizes the antibacterial activity of pharmaceutical-grade rose bengal, HP-RB, against Gram-positive bacteria, its cytotoxicity against skin cells under illumination conditions, and mechanistic insights into rose bengal’s bactericidal activity under dark conditions.
Journal Article
How to grow roses : a comprehensive illustrated directory of types and techniques
\"Roses are one of the world's best-loved flowers, and their sweet scent and long-lasting beauty make them indispensable in the garden. With over 200 varieties described and photographed, this book helps you to choose the right plant for your situation, from a free-flowering old rose to a delicate miniature. A Grower's Guide section shows how to maintain your roses, how to select healthy specimens, how to plant them, when to prune and how to propagate new plants. Whether they are grown singly or in conjunction with other plants, as hedges or ground cover, winding through a tree or in a container, there is a place for a rose in every garden\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Nano-silicone and Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant down-regulates the negative effect of in vitro induced-salinity in Rosa damascena
Rosa damascena is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran due to its aesthetic attributes, medicinal qualities, and essential oil production. This study investigated the efficacy of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (AnE) at concentrations of 0, 2, and 3 g L.sup.- 1 and Nano-silicon (nSiO.sub.2) at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L.sup.- 1 in ameliorating the impact of salinity on two genotypes of Damask rose ('Chaharfasl' and 'Kashan') under in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, various physio-chemical characteristics of R. damascena explants were assessed. The findings revealed that exposure to 100 mM NaCl resulted in a substantial reduction in the Relative Water Content (RWC), Membrane Stability Index (MSI), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, total Chlorophyll, and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and protein content in both genotypes when compared to control conditions. Salinity induced a significant increase in the parameter F0 and a decrease in the parameter Fv/Fm compared to the control conditions in both genotypes. Nonetheless, the genotype Kashan treated with 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2 exhibited the maximum Fm value under control conditions, with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Furthermore, salinity caused a considerable reduction in Fm in both 'Kashan' and 'Chaharfasl' by 22% and 17%, respectively, when compared to the control condition. 'Kashan' displayed the maximum Fv/Fm compared to the other genotype. The maximum levels of Malondialdehyde (MAD) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) were also observed in explants affected by salinity. The combination of 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, followed by 2 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, exhibited substantial positive effects. Salinity also led to an increase in proline content and the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) in both genotypes. The activity of these enzymes was further enhanced when AnE was applied at concentrations of 2 and 3 g L.sup.- 1 in combination with 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2. The 'Kashan' genotype displayed greater tolerance to salinity by enhancing water balance, maintaining membrane integrity, and augmenting the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to 'Chaharfasl'. The utilization of nSiO.sub.2 and AnE biostimulants demonstrated potential benefits for R. damascena, both under salinity and control conditions. These findings hold substantial importance for researchers, policymakers, and farmers, offering valuable insights into the development of salinity-tolerant crop varieties.
Journal Article
Nano-silicone and Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant down-regulates the negative effect of in vitro induced-salinity in Rosa damascena
Rosa damascena is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran due to its aesthetic attributes, medicinal qualities, and essential oil production. This study investigated the efficacy of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (AnE) at concentrations of 0, 2, and 3 g L.sup.- 1 and Nano-silicon (nSiO.sub.2) at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L.sup.- 1 in ameliorating the impact of salinity on two genotypes of Damask rose ('Chaharfasl' and 'Kashan') under in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, various physio-chemical characteristics of R. damascena explants were assessed. The findings revealed that exposure to 100 mM NaCl resulted in a substantial reduction in the Relative Water Content (RWC), Membrane Stability Index (MSI), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, total Chlorophyll, and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and protein content in both genotypes when compared to control conditions. Salinity induced a significant increase in the parameter F0 and a decrease in the parameter Fv/Fm compared to the control conditions in both genotypes. Nonetheless, the genotype Kashan treated with 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2 exhibited the maximum Fm value under control conditions, with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Furthermore, salinity caused a considerable reduction in Fm in both 'Kashan' and 'Chaharfasl' by 22% and 17%, respectively, when compared to the control condition. 'Kashan' displayed the maximum Fv/Fm compared to the other genotype. The maximum levels of Malondialdehyde (MAD) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) were also observed in explants affected by salinity. The combination of 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, followed by 2 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, exhibited substantial positive effects. Salinity also led to an increase in proline content and the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) in both genotypes. The activity of these enzymes was further enhanced when AnE was applied at concentrations of 2 and 3 g L.sup.- 1 in combination with 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2. The 'Kashan' genotype displayed greater tolerance to salinity by enhancing water balance, maintaining membrane integrity, and augmenting the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to 'Chaharfasl'. The utilization of nSiO.sub.2 and AnE biostimulants demonstrated potential benefits for R. damascena, both under salinity and control conditions. These findings hold substantial importance for researchers, policymakers, and farmers, offering valuable insights into the development of salinity-tolerant crop varieties.
Journal Article
Nano-silicone and Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant down-regulates the negative effect of in vitro induced-salinity in Rosa damascena
Rosa damascena is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran due to its aesthetic attributes, medicinal qualities, and essential oil production. This study investigated the efficacy of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (AnE) at concentrations of 0, 2, and 3 g L.sup.- 1 and Nano-silicon (nSiO.sub.2) at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L.sup.- 1 in ameliorating the impact of salinity on two genotypes of Damask rose ('Chaharfasl' and 'Kashan') under in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, various physio-chemical characteristics of R. damascena explants were assessed. The findings revealed that exposure to 100 mM NaCl resulted in a substantial reduction in the Relative Water Content (RWC), Membrane Stability Index (MSI), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, total Chlorophyll, and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and protein content in both genotypes when compared to control conditions. Salinity induced a significant increase in the parameter F0 and a decrease in the parameter Fv/Fm compared to the control conditions in both genotypes. Nonetheless, the genotype Kashan treated with 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2 exhibited the maximum Fm value under control conditions, with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Furthermore, salinity caused a considerable reduction in Fm in both 'Kashan' and 'Chaharfasl' by 22% and 17%, respectively, when compared to the control condition. 'Kashan' displayed the maximum Fv/Fm compared to the other genotype. The maximum levels of Malondialdehyde (MAD) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) were also observed in explants affected by salinity. The combination of 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, followed by 2 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, exhibited substantial positive effects. Salinity also led to an increase in proline content and the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) in both genotypes. The activity of these enzymes was further enhanced when AnE was applied at concentrations of 2 and 3 g L.sup.- 1 in combination with 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2. The 'Kashan' genotype displayed greater tolerance to salinity by enhancing water balance, maintaining membrane integrity, and augmenting the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to 'Chaharfasl'. The utilization of nSiO.sub.2 and AnE biostimulants demonstrated potential benefits for R. damascena, both under salinity and control conditions. These findings hold substantial importance for researchers, policymakers, and farmers, offering valuable insights into the development of salinity-tolerant crop varieties.
Journal Article
Dead straight guide to Guns n' Roses
Guns N' Roses, or GNR as they're known, is one of the biggest-selling rock bands of the past 30 years. Formed in 1985 their first album, Appetite for Destruction, followed two years later. With many star performers including Slash, Axl Rose, Izzy Stradlin and later drummer Matt Sorum, the band has always been high-profile. Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II, recorded simultaneously and released in 1991, debuted at number two and number one on the Billboard 200 respectively and have sold a combined 35 million copies worldwide.
Book
Nano-silicone and Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant down-regulates the negative effect of in vitro induced-salinity in Rosa damascena
Rosa damascena is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran due to its aesthetic attributes, medicinal qualities, and essential oil production. This study investigated the efficacy of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (AnE) at concentrations of 0, 2, and 3 g L.sup.- 1 and Nano-silicon (nSiO.sub.2) at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L.sup.- 1 in ameliorating the impact of salinity on two genotypes of Damask rose ('Chaharfasl' and 'Kashan') under in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, various physio-chemical characteristics of R. damascena explants were assessed. The findings revealed that exposure to 100 mM NaCl resulted in a substantial reduction in the Relative Water Content (RWC), Membrane Stability Index (MSI), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, total Chlorophyll, and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and protein content in both genotypes when compared to control conditions. Salinity induced a significant increase in the parameter F0 and a decrease in the parameter Fv/Fm compared to the control conditions in both genotypes. Nonetheless, the genotype Kashan treated with 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2 exhibited the maximum Fm value under control conditions, with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Furthermore, salinity caused a considerable reduction in Fm in both 'Kashan' and 'Chaharfasl' by 22% and 17%, respectively, when compared to the control condition. 'Kashan' displayed the maximum Fv/Fm compared to the other genotype. The maximum levels of Malondialdehyde (MAD) and hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) were also observed in explants affected by salinity. The combination of 3 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, followed by 2 g L.sup.- 1 AnE + 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2, exhibited substantial positive effects. Salinity also led to an increase in proline content and the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) in both genotypes. The activity of these enzymes was further enhanced when AnE was applied at concentrations of 2 and 3 g L.sup.- 1 in combination with 100 mg L.sup.- 1 nSiO.sub.2. The 'Kashan' genotype displayed greater tolerance to salinity by enhancing water balance, maintaining membrane integrity, and augmenting the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to 'Chaharfasl'. The utilization of nSiO.sub.2 and AnE biostimulants demonstrated potential benefits for R. damascena, both under salinity and control conditions. These findings hold substantial importance for researchers, policymakers, and farmers, offering valuable insights into the development of salinity-tolerant crop varieties.
Journal Article