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Antibacterial Activity of Pharmaceutical-Grade Rose Bengal: An Application of a Synthetic Dye in Antibacterial Therapies
Rose bengal has been used in the diagnosis of ophthalmic disorders and liver function, and has been studied for the treatment of solid tumor cancers. To date, the antibacterial activity of rose bengal has been sporadically reported; however, these data have been generated with a commercial grade of rose bengal, which contains major uncontrolled impurities generated by the manufacturing process (80–95% dye content). A high-purity form of rose bengal formulation (HP-RBf, >99.5% dye content) kills a battery of Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains at low concentrations (0.01–3.13 μg/mL) under fluorescent, LED, and natural light in a few minutes. Significantly, HP-RBf effectively eradicates Gram-positive bacterial biofilms. The frequency that Gram-positive bacteria spontaneously developed resistance to HP-RB is extremely low (less than 1 × 10−13). Toxicity data obtained through our research programs indicate that HP-RB is feasible as an anti-infective drug for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbial invasion of the skin, and for eradicating biofilms. This article summarizes the antibacterial activity of pharmaceutical-grade rose bengal, HP-RB, against Gram-positive bacteria, its cytotoxicity against skin cells under illumination conditions, and mechanistic insights into rose bengal’s bactericidal activity under dark conditions.
Journal Article
How to grow roses : a comprehensive illustrated directory of types and techniques
\"Roses are one of the world's best-loved flowers, and their sweet scent and long-lasting beauty make them indispensable in the garden. With over 200 varieties described and photographed, this book helps you to choose the right plant for your situation, from a free-flowering old rose to a delicate miniature. A Grower's Guide section shows how to maintain your roses, how to select healthy specimens, how to plant them, when to prune and how to propagate new plants. Whether they are grown singly or in conjunction with other plants, as hedges or ground cover, winding through a tree or in a container, there is a place for a rose in every garden\"--Publisher's description.
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Morphological and hormonal diversity in rose Ri genotypes: A comparative study
Ri (root-inducing) technology, mediated by Rhizobium rhizogenes, presents a promising approach for modifying plant architecture. However, a comprehensive understanding of how complete, integrated wild-type T-DNA alters plant physiology is still lacking, as most related research has focused on partial gene sets and single species. To address this gap, our study undertakes the first systematic, comparative analysis of Ri genotypes across the phylogenetically distant species of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). We aimed to correlate organ-specific T-DNA gene expression with hormonal profiles and growth traits, thereby identifying both the general mechanisms of the Ri phenotype and species-specific differences. Morphological, molecular, and hormonal data were collected from three plant organs-leaves, stems, and roots-and analyzed across multiple Ri genotypes generated by R. rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834. All the Ri genotypes contained T.sub.L (left T-DNA) but differed in the presence of T.sub.R (right T-DNA) sequences. Compared with the respective wild-type plants, the Ri genotypes consistently presented shorter internodes (ratio of 0.5-0.89), in most cases smaller leaves (ratio of 0.52-1.03) and greater in vitro root formation (ratio of 0.71-2.34), as well as diverse expression levels of the rol and aux2 genes, a consistently higher concentration of cytokinins and altered levels of stress-related hormones in specific organs. Correlation and principal component analyses confirmed the relationships among rol gene expression, root number, and reduced shoot growth, whereas hormone responses were species-specific. Together, these findings complement the characteristics of typical Ri plants shown in previous studies and provide new insights into the underlying hormonal and genetic mechanisms, indicating altered stress signaling pathways in Ri genotypes. The first evaluations of root hair data in Ri plants contradict assumptions about a hairy root phenotype but also indicate an increased root tip diameter (ratio of 1.06-1.23) compared with that of the wild-type. Together, these findings underscore the importance of balancing architectural benefits with potential physiological trade-offs in the use of Ri technology for future breeding applications.
Journal Article
Identification of Chemical Components in Three Types of Rose Essential Oils Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Chemometric Methods
Currently, the main types of roses circulating in China include Jinbian Rose, Kushui Rose and Pingyin Rose. Each type of rose has slight differences in usage and efficacy. There are many varieties of roses, and the quality of rose essential oils varies greatly. Almost no research has systematically studied the essential oils of various roses. In this experiment, three types of roses (Jinbian Rose, Kushui Rose, and Pingyin Rose) were selected as research subjects based on their efficacy and variety in the market. Essential oils were extracted from the three types of roses using hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to qualitatively analyze the volatile substances in the essential oils of different varieties of roses. The three types of rose essential oils were identified and differentiated using chemometric methods (including HCA, PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA). On the one hand, based on the GC-MS analysis results, 40, 48, and 40 volatile components were detected in Jinbian Rose, Kushui Rose, and Pingyin Rose, respectively. The chemical compositions were primarily dominated by macromolecular compounds such as long-chain alkanes, organic acids, and esters. On the other hand, eight markers with significant identification values were identified to distinguish among the three types of roses. In conclusion, based on GC-MS analysis and chemometric methods, this experiment distinguishes and identifies three types of roses from the perspective of essential oil components for developing an effective strategy for the identification of rose varieties.
Journal Article
Dead straight guide to Guns n' Roses
Guns N' Roses, or GNR as they're known, is one of the biggest-selling rock bands of the past 30 years. Formed in 1985 their first album, Appetite for Destruction, followed two years later. With many star performers including Slash, Axl Rose, Izzy Stradlin and later drummer Matt Sorum, the band has always been high-profile. Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II, recorded simultaneously and released in 1991, debuted at number two and number one on the Billboard 200 respectively and have sold a combined 35 million copies worldwide.
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