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Background Enhancing the content of essential oils and valuable secondary metabolites is a primary goal for medicinal plant breeders. In this study, the effects of Thymbra spicata extract at concentrations of 0% (C), 10% (TS1), and 20% (TS2), along with mycorrhizal fungus (MF) biofertilizer at a rate of 50 g/2.5 kg of soil, were evaluated on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), proline, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and essential oil content and composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L. under varying salinity stress levels of 0 mM (S0), 100 mM (S1), and 200 mM (S2) NaCl. The experiment was conducted as a factorial study within a completely randomized design, with three replications. Results As salinity stress increased, the yield and growth characteristics of the plants declined. However, the applied treatments effectively mitigated the negative effects of salinity. The highest chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were observed in the TS2 + MF treatment under nonsaline conditions. Under S2 salinity stress, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents increased by 38.29% and 11.11%, respectively, with the use of TS2 + MF. Under S1 stress conditions, the proline and soluble sugar content increased by 268% and 44%, respectively, in the MF treatment. Essential oil content was enhanced by 80.43% with the TS2 + MF treatment under S1 stress. Essential oil analysis showed significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions. Conclusions Among all the treatments, the combined application of TS2 and MF proved to be the most effective in enhancing the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary plants. This treatment not only boosted the production of essential oils and secondary metabolites but also mitigated the detrimental effects of salinity stress. Therefore, it is recommended as a beneficial agricultural practice for improving the productivity and quality of rosemary plants under salinity stress. Graphical Abstract

Metacommunity theory allows predictions about the dynamics of potentially interacting species' assemblages that are linked by dispersal, but strong empirical tests of the theory are rare. We analyzed the metacommunity dynamics of Florida rosemary scrub, a patchily distributed pyrogenic community, to test predictions about turnover rates, community nestedness, and responses to patch size, arrangement, and quality. We collected occurrence data for 45 plant species from 88 rosemary scrub patches in 1989 and 2005 and used growth form, mechanism of regeneration after fire, and degree of habitat specialization to categorize species by life history. We tested whether patch size, fire history, and structural connectivity (a measure of proximity and size of surrounding patches) could be used to predict apparent extinctions and colonizations. In addition, we tested the accuracy of incidence-function models built with the patch survey data from 1989. After fire local extinction rates were higher for herbs than woody plants, higher for species that regenerated only from seed than species able to resprout, and higher for generalist than specialist species. Fewer rosemary specialists and a higher proportion of habitat generalists were extirpated on recently burned patches than on patches not burned between 1989 and 2005. Nestedness was highest for specialists among all life-history groups. Estimated model parameters from 1989 predicted the observed (1989-2005) extinction rates and the number of patches with persistent populations of individual species. These results indicate that species with different life-history strategies within the same metacommunity can have substantially different responses to patch configuration and quality. Real metacommunities may not conform to certain assumptions of simple models, but incidence-function models that consider only patch size, configuration, and quality can have significant predictive accuracy.Original Abstract: Resumen:La teoria de metacomunidades permite predicciones de la dinamica de ensambles de especies potencialmente interactuantes que estan conectadas mediante la dispersion, pero son raras pruebas empiricas robustas de la teoria. Analizamos la dinamica de la metacomunidad de matorral de romero de Florida, una comunidad pirogenica distribuida heterogeneamente, para probar predicciones sobre tasas de recambio, anidamiento de la comunidad y respuestas al tamano, arreglo y calidad del parche. Recolectamos datos de ocurrencia de 45 especies de plantas en 88 parches de matorral de romero en 1989 y 2005 y utilizamos la forma de crecimiento, el mecanismo de regeneracion despues de fuego y el nivel de especializacion de habitat para clasificar a las especies por historia natural. Probamos si el tamano del parche, la historia de incendios y la conectividad estructural (una medida de proximidad y tamano de parches circundantes) se podrian utilizar para predecir las extinciones y colonizaciones aparentes. Adicionalmente, probamos la precision de los modelos de funcion de incidencia que desarrollamos con los datos del muestreo de parches en 1989. Despues de un incendio, las tasas de extincion local fueron mayores para hierbas que para plantas lenosas, mayores para especies que regeneraban solo de semillas que para especies capaces de rebrotar y mayores para especies generalistas que especialistas. Pocas especialistas y una mayor proporcion de generalistas fueron extirpadas de parches recien quemados que de parches no quemados entre 1989 y 2005. El anidamiento fue mayor para especialistas en comparacion con los demas grupos de historia de vida. Los parametros estimados por el modelo con datos de 1989 predijeron las tasas de extincion observadas (1989-2005) y el numero de parches con poblaciones persistentes. Estos resultados indican que especies con diferentes estrategias de historia de vida dentro de la misma metacomunidad pueden tener respuestas sustancialmente diferentes a la configuracion y calidad de los parches. Puede que las metacomunidades reales no cumplan con ciertas suposiciones de modelos simples, pero los modelos de funcion de incidencia que solo consideran el tamano, la configuracion y calidad del parche pueden tener una precision predictiva significativa.

Stable carbon isotope signatures are often used as tracers for environmentally driven changes in photosynthetic delta super(13)C discrimination. However, carbon isotope signatures downstream from carboxylation by Rubisco are altered within metabolic pathways, transport and respiratory processes, leading to differences in delta super(13)C between carbon pools along the plant axis and in respired CO sub(2). Little is known about the within-plant variation in delta super(13)C under different environmental conditions or between species. We analyzed spatial, diurnal, and environmental variations in delta super(13)C of water soluble organic matter ( delta super(13)C sub(WSOM)) of leaves, phloem and roots, as well as dark-respired delta super(13)CO sub(2) ( delta super(13)C sub(res)) in leaves and roots. We selected distinct light environments (forest understory and an open area), seasons (Mediterranean spring and summer drought) and three functionally distinct understory species (two native shrubs-Halimium halimifolium and Rosmarinus officinalis-and a woody invader-Acacia longifolia). Spatial patterns in delta super(13)C sub(WSOM) along the plant vertical axis and between respired delta super(13)CO sub(2) and its putative substrate were clearly species specific and the most delta super(13)C-enriched and depleted values were found in delta super(13)C of leaf dark-respired CO sub(2) and phloem sugars, -15 and -33 ppt, respectively. Comparisons between study sites and seasons revealed that spatial and diurnal patterns were influenced by environmental conditions. Within a species, phloem delta super(13)C sub(WSOM) and delta super(13)C sub(res) varied by up to 4 ppt between seasons and sites. Thus, careful characterization of the magnitude and environmental dependence of apparent post-carboxylation fractionation is needed when using delta super(13)C signatures to trace changes in photosynthetic discrimination.

This study compares the adaptive response of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) and thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ) to the combined effects of irrigation regimes and phosphorus (P) levels on morphological, physiological, and biochemical stress indicators, nutrient uptake, and essential oil yield. Both species were subjected to well-watered regime (80% field capacity, I1), moderate drought (50% FC, I2), and severe drought (30% FC, I3). Three P levels were applied for rosemary (10, 25, and 50 kg/ha as P1, P2, and P3) and thyme (10, 20, and 40 kg/ha as P1, P2, and P3), under greenhouse conditions. Rosemary employed a flexible growth strategy. It reallocated resources between shoots and roots depending on the levels of irrigation and P. Under I3, shoot biomass declined by 41%, but root elongation increased, especially in I3P3. Phosphorus improved leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll pigments, but its effect was constrained under I3. Chlorophyll a dropped to 0.5–1.0 mg g⁻ 1 FW under I3, accompanied by a 150% rise in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and a 36% increase in glycine betaine in I3P3. Thyme displayed a more conservative strategy. Under I3, shoot biomass decreased by 28%, but LAI and plant height stayed stable. Pigments were better preserved under I3P3 compared to rosemary. However, thyme recorded higher lipid peroxidation, with malondialdehyde (MDA) increasing by 28% compared to I2. Nutrient uptake patterns differed, rosemary absorbed significantly more nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (up to 316 mg N, 22 mg P, and 341 mg K per plant under I1P1) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), peaking at 9 g biomass mg⁻ 1 P applied. In rosemary, essential oil yield increased by 37% under I2P2, while thyme peaked under I3P2, with a 29% increase. These findings illustrate that R. officinalis and T. vulgaris used different adaptive responses to irrigation and phosphorus. Rosemary exhibits enhanced morphological plasticity and nutrient use efficiency, facilitating increased biomass and essential oil yield under moderate stress, whereas thyme sustains physiological stability through conservative resource utilization. This comparative study emphasizes the importance of species-specific irrigation and phosphorus control in increasing the resilience and productivity of aromatic crops.

Pollution has become a problem on a global scale and poses a significant risk in terms of human health and natural ecosystems. Generally, the biggest sources of pollution are municipal and industrial facilities. However, traffic-related air pollution cannot be overlooked as a dangerous source either. There have been various methods of interventions to measure and reduce the risk and effects of traffic-related pollution. In the case of measuring, the use of certain plant species that can accumulate pollutants in their tissues is considered a practical solution. In this study, the aim is to find out the metals that are accumulated in rosemary leaves and stems and the rosemary leaves. In other words, the leaves and the stems are to be used as a biomonitors to reveal the rate of metal pollution along the highway. We try to identify the accumulation ability of traffic-related heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) of the Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) which is used in the refuge and slopes along the highway connecting Adana with İskenderun (Hatay). Our findings concluded that the rosemary could have a decent capacity to accumulate Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in both leaves and stem. We therefore believe that R. officinalis is a great tool in determining the amount of traffic-related pollution in urban areas.

Further research has provided more detail on the mechanics of the merchant credit system as it operated in the fisheries in Newfoundland and the Gaspe,5 but very little work has been done on the activity of merchant firms in the fishery in Cape Breton during the 19th century. [Rosemary E. Ommer]'s choice of crc is fortuitous in this regard, in that the associated firm of Philip Robin and Company (prc) was operating during this same period in Cape Breton. Consequently, this research note offers a preliminary exploration of the application of the merchant credit system in the Cape Breton fishery in the middle of the 19th century, with a particular emphasis on prc operations in Cheticamp. The short-term objectives of the research were to identify the existence of any significant differences in the financial operations between crc and prc, as well as to gain some appreciation of the relationship between the company and the Acadian people in Cheticamp. The evidence suggests that prc tolerated a much higher level of client debt than crc and that the relationship between the company and the local population was an integral component of the Acadians' determination to remain in Cheticamp. The longer-term project will entail a more thorough examination of the source material in order to more adequately substantiate these initial findings and contribute to a broader understanding of the merchant credit system and the role of merchant firms in local economic development.

Aim The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of carnosol, a rosemary polyphenol, on pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators of cartilage breakdown in chondrocytes and via bone-cartilage crosstalk. Materials and Methods Osteoarthritic (OA) human chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads for 4 days in presence or absence of carnosol (6 nM to 9 MM). The production of aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of type II collagen and ADAMTS-4 and -5 were analyzed. Human osteoblasts from sclerotic (SC) or non-sclerotic (NSC) subchondral bone were cultured for 3 days in presence or absence of carnosol before co-culture with chondrocytes. Chondrocyte gene expression was analyzed after 4 days of co-culture. Results In chondrocytes, type II collagen expression was significantly enhanced in the presence of 3 MM carnosol (p = 0.008). MMP-3, IL-6, NO production and ADAMTS-4 expression were down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner by carnosol (p<0.01). TIMP-1 production was slightly increased at 3 MM (p = 0.02) and ADAMTS-5 expression was decreased from 0.2 to 9 MM carnosol (p<0.05). IL-6 and PGE2 production was reduced in the presence of carnosol in both SC and NSC osteoblasts while alkaline phosphatase activity was not changed. In co-culture experiments preincubation of NSC and SC osteoblasts wih carnosol resulted in similar effects to incubation with anti-IL-6 antibody, namely a significant increase in aggrecan and decrease in MMP-3, ADAMTS-4 and -5 gene expression by chondrocytes. Conclusions Carnosol showed potent inhibition of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators of cartilage breakdown in chondrocytes. Inhibition of matrix degradation and enhancement of formation was observed in chondrocytes cocultured with subchondral osteoblasts preincubated with carnosol indicating a cross-talk between these two cellular compartments, potentially mediated via inhibition of IL-6 in osteoblasts as similar results were obtained with anti-IL-6 antibody.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean region and cultivated around the world. Besides the therapeutic purpose, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. R. officinalis L. is constituted by bioactive molecules, the phytocompounds, responsible for implement several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antitumor and protective, inhibitory and attenuating activities. Thus, in vivo and in vitro studies were presented in this Review, approaching the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of R. officinalis L. on some physiological disorders caused by biochemical, chemical or biological agents. In this way, methodology, mechanisms, results, and conclusions were described. The main objective of this study was showing that plant products could be equivalent to the available medicines.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in preclinical in vivo models of inflammation. A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with related keywords. The inclusion criteria were inflammation, plant, and studies on rats or mice; while, the exclusion criteria were reviews, studies with in vitro models, and associated plants. The predominant animal models were paw edema, acute liver injury, and asthma. Rosemary was more commonly used in its entirety than in compounds, and the prevalent methods of extraction were maceration and hydrodistillation. The most common routes of administration reported were gavage, intraperitoneal, and oral, on a route-dependent dosage. Treatment took place daily, or was single-dose, on average for 21 days, and it more often started before the induction. The most evaluated biomarkers were tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The best results emerged at a dose of 60 mg/kg, via IP of carnosic acid, a dose of 400 mg/kg via gavage of Rosmarinus officinalis, and a dose of 10 mg/kg via IP of rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed anti-inflammatory activity before and after induction of treatments.

Betulinic acid (BA) and its derivatives possess potent pharmacological activity against cancer and HIV. As with many phytochemicals, access to BA is limited by the requirement for laborious extraction from plant biomass where it is found in low amounts. This might be alleviated by metabolically engineering production of BA into an industrially relevant microbe such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), which requires complete elucidation of the corresponding biosynthetic pathway. However, while cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) that can oxidize lupeol into BA have been previously identified from the CYP716A subfamily, these generally do not seem to be specific to such biosynthesis and, in any case, have not been shown to enable high-yielding metabolic engineering. Here RoCYP01 (CYP716A155) was identified from the BA-producing plant Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and demonstrated to effectively convert lupeol into BA, with strong correlation of its expression and BA accumulation. This was further utilized to construct a yeast strain that yields > 1 g/L of BA, providing a viable route for biotechnological production of this valuable triterpenoid.