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"Rotation"
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Why we have day and night
Using an orange and a flashlight, a father explains to his children why the sun goes down.
Book
Corrigendum to “Using Sidereal Rotation Period Expressions to Calculate the Sun’s Rotation Period through Observation of Sunspots”
In the article titled “Using Sidereal Rotation Period Expressions to Calculate the Sun’s Rotation Period through Observation of Sunspots” [1], there was an error in Table 1, which should be corrected as shown in Table 1.
Journal Article
I know day and night
\"Readers will review objects that may be seen in the sky during the day and night as well as events that usually happen during these times, such as attending school and going to bed. They'll also consider what daily events they enjoy the most and when these happen, aiding them in connecting these actions to time\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Asteroseismic detection of latitudinal differential rotation in 13 Sun-like stars
The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. This process is known as differential rotation and is seen in the motion of sunspots. Helioseismology has shown that the effect extends into the Sun's interior. It has not been possible to measure whether other stars also experience equivalent differential rotation. Benomar et al. used the Kepler spacecraft to monitor stellar oscillations of a group of Sun-like stars. By decomposing the oscillations into separate frequencies, they searched for signs of differential rotation. Several stars do indeed seem to have equators that spin faster than their poles, and none indicated the opposite pattern. Science , this issue p. 1231 Stellar oscillations show that some solar-type stars spin faster at their equators than their poles. The differentially rotating outer layers of stars are thought to play a role in driving their magnetic activity, but the underlying mechanisms that generate and sustain differential rotation are poorly understood. We report the measurement using asteroseismology of latitudinal differential rotation in the convection zones of 40 Sun-like stars. For the most significant detections, the stars’ equators rotate approximately twice as fast as their midlatitudes. The latitudinal shear inferred from asteroseismology is much larger than predictions from numerical simulations.
Journal Article
Day and night
During the day, the sun shines, birds tweet, and bees buzz. Earth is awake! But what happens at night? The moon -- and a whole new group of animals come out to play!
Book
Structures of Cage, Prism, and Book Isomers of Water Hexamer from Broadband Rotational Spectroscopy
Theory predicts the water hexamer to be the smallest water cluster with a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network as its minimum energy structure. There are several possible low-energy isomers, and calculations with different methods and basis sets assign them different relative stabilities. Previous experimental work has provided evidence for the cage, book, and cyclic isomers, but no experiment has identified multiple coexisting structures. Here, we report that broadband rotational spectroscopy in a pulsed supersonic expansion unambiguously identifies all three isomers; we determined their oxygen framework structures by means of oxygen-18-substituted water (H₂¹₈O). Relative isomer populations at different expansion conditions establish that the cage isomer is the minimum energy structure. Rotational spectra consistent with predicted heptamer and nonamer structures have also been identified.
Journal Article
Maintaining yields and reducing nitrogen loss in rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Lake region with proper fertilizer management
In the Tailake region of China, heavy nitrogen (N) loss of rice-wheat rotation systems, due to high fertilizer-N input with low N use efficiency (NUE), was widely reported. To alleviate the detrimental impacts caused by N loss, it is necessary to improve the fertilizer management practices. Therefore, a 3 yr field experiments with different N managements including organic combined chemical N treatment (OCN, 390 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 20% organic fertilizer), control-released urea treatment (CRU, 390 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 70% resin-coated urea), reduced chemical N treatment (RCN, 390 kg N ha−1 yr−1, all common chemical fertilizer), and site-specific N management (SSNM, 333 kg N ha−1 yr−1, all common chemical fertilizer) were conducted in the Taihu Lake region with the 'farmer's N' treatment (FN, 510 kg N ha−1 yr−1, all common chemical fertilizer) as a control. Grain yield, plant N uptake (PNU), NUE, and N losses via runoff, leaching, and ammonia volatilization were assessed. In the rice season, the FN treatment had the highest N loss and lowest NUE, which can be attributed to an excessive rate of N application. Treatments of OCN and RCN with a 22% reduced N rate from FN had no significant effect on PNU nor the yield of rice in the 3 yr; however, the NUE was improved and N loss was reduced 20-32%. OCN treatment achieved the highest yield, while SSNM has the lowest N loss and highest NUE due to the lowest N rate. In wheat season, N loss decreased about 28-48% with the continuous reduction of N input, but the yield also declined, with the exception of OCN treatment. N loss through runoff, leaching and ammonia volatilization was positively correlated with the N input rate. When compared with the pure chemical fertilizer treatment of RCN under the same N input, OCN treatment has better NUE, better yield, and lower N loss. 70% of the urea replaced with resin-coated urea had no significant effect on yield and NUE improvement, but decreased the ammonia volatilization loss. Soil total N and organic matter content showed a decrease after three continuous cropping years with inorganic fertilizer application alone, but there was an increase with the OCN treatment. N balance analysis showed a N surplus for FN treatment and a balanced N budget for OCN treatment. To reduce the environmental impact and maintain a high crop production, proper N reduction together with organic amendments could be sustainable in the rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake region for a long run.
Journal Article
Curious Pearl identifies the reason for seasons
\"What does Curious Pearl do with that notebook of hers? She tracks sunset times each day. When Pearl shows her friend how the sunset time changes each day, he asks why. As a lover of science, Pearl knows this is her chance to teach her friend all about the reason for seasons. With augmented reality access to videos through the Capstone 4D app, readers will have an enhanced learning experience\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Pattern of Inner‐Core Differential Rotation From Long‐Term Earthquake Sequences and USArray Network
How the differential rotation of the Earth's inner core (IC) has changed over time provides insights into the dynamics of the Earth's interior. Analyses of repeating earthquakes (doublets) have yielded different models. Here we present an event‐based investigation using individual events from long‐term earthquake sequences, which improves temporal coverage over doublet‐based approaches and provides spatial resolution for inferring the rotation rate. Results from two pathways, South Sandwich Islands to Alaska (1982–2024) and Kuril Islands to Argentina (1994–2024), reveal a consistent pattern that the IC successively rotated faster than the mantle by about 0.10°/yr $0.10{}^{\\circ}/\\text{yr}$ from the early 1980s and decelerated to a near‐zero rate around 2000, perhaps slower than the mantle after about 2010. We also provide a new way to calibrate spatial structure and constrain the average rotation rate with improved accuracy. The results are consistent with the multidecadal IC oscillation model, but do not support shorter‐term oscillations or bursts.
Journal Article