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The Red Sea : in search of lost space
\"The Red Sea has, from time immemorial, been one of the world's most navigated spaces, in the pursuit of trade, pilgrimage and conquest. Yet this multidimensional history remains largely unrevealed by its successive protagonists. Intrigued by the absence of a holistic portrayal of this body of water and inspired by Fernand Braudel's famous work on the Mediterranean, this book brings alive a dynamic Red Sea world across time, revealing the particular features of a unique historical actor. In capturing this heretofore lost space, it also presents a critical, conceptual history of the sea, leading the reader into the heart of Eurocentrism. The Sea, it is shown, is a vital element of the modern philosophy of history. Alexis Wick is not satisfied with this inclusion of the Red Sea into history and attendant critique of Eurocentrism. Contrapuntally, he explores how the world and the sea were imagined differently before imperial European hegemony. Searching for the lost space of Ottoman visions of the sea, The Red Sea makes a deeper argument about the discipline of history and the historian's craft\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The Oligo–Miocene closure of the Tethys Ocean and evolution of the proto-Mediterranean Sea
The tectonically driven Cenozoic closure of the Tethys Ocean invoked a significant reorganization of oceanic circulation and climate patterns on a global scale. This process culminated between the Mid Oligocene and Late Miocene, although its exact timing has remained so far elusive, as does the subsequent evolution of the proto-Mediterranean, primarily due to a lack of reliable, continuous deep-sea records. Here, we present for the first time the framework of the Oligo–Miocene evolution of the deep Levant Basin, based on the chrono-, chemo- and bio- stratigraphy of two deep boreholes from the Eastern Mediterranean. The results reveal a major pulse in terrigeneous mass accumulation rates (MARs) during 24–21 Ma, reflecting the erosional products of the Red Sea rifting and subsequent uplift that drove the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates and the effective closure of the Indian Ocean-Mediterranean Seaway. Subsequently, the proto-Mediterranean experienced an increase in primary productivity that peaked during the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum. A region-wide hiatus across the Serravallian (13.8–11.6 Ma) and a crash in carbonate MARs during the lower Tortonian reflect a dissolution episode that potentially marks the earliest onset of the global middle to late Miocene carbonate crash.
Journal Article
Impacts of warming on phytoplankton abundance and phenology in a typical tropical marine ecosystem
In the tropics, thermal stratification (during warm conditions) may contribute to a shallowing of the mixed layer above the nutricline and a reduction in the transfer of nutrients to the surface lit-layer, ultimately limiting phytoplankton growth. Using remotely sensed observations and modelled datasets, we study such linkages in the northern Red Sea (NRS) - a typical tropical marine ecosystem. We assess the interannual variability (1998–2015) of both phytoplankton biomass and phenological indices (timing of bloom initiation, duration and termination) in relation to regional warming. We demonstrate that warmer conditions in the NRS are associated with substantially weaker winter phytoplankton blooms, which initiate later, terminate earlier and are shorter in their overall duration (~ 4 weeks). These alterations are directly linked with the strength of atmospheric forcing (air-sea heat fluxes) and vertical stratification (mixed layer depth [MLD]). The interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) is found to be a good indicator of phytoplankton abundance, but appears to be less important for predicting bloom timing. These findings suggest that future climate warming scenarios may have a two-fold impact on phytoplankton growth in tropical marine ecosystems: 1) a reduction in phytoplankton abundance and 2) alterations in the timing of seasonal phytoplankton blooms.
Journal Article
Production and Anticancer Activity of an L-Asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis Isolated from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
Microbial L-asparaginase (ASNase) is an important anticancer agent that is used extensively worldwide. In this study, 40 bacterial isolates were obtained from the Red Sea of Saudi Arabia and screened for ASNase production using a qualitative rapid plate assay, 28 of which were producing large L-asparagine hydrolysis zones. The ASNase production of the immobilized bacterial cells was more favorable than that of freely suspended cells. A promising isolate, KKU-KH14, was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as
Bacillus licheniformis
. Maximal ASNase production was achieved using an incubation period of 72 h, with an optimum of pH 6.5, an incubation temperature of 37 °C, an agitation rate 250 rpm, and with glucose and (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
used as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The glutaminase activity was not detected in the ASNase preparations. The purified ASNase showed a final specific activity of 36.08 U/mg, and the molecular weight was found to be 37 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. The maximum activity and stability of the purified enzyme occurred at pH values of 7.5 and 8.5, respectively, with maximum activity at 37 °C and complete thermal stability at 70 °C for 1 h. The
K
m
and
V
max
values of the purified enzyme were 0.049995 M and of 45.45 μmol/ml/min, respectively. The anticancer activity of the purified ASNase showed significant toxic activity toward HepG-2 cells (IC
50
11.66 µg/mL), which was greater than that observed against MCF-7 (IC
50
14.55 µg/mL) and HCT-116 cells (IC
50
17.02 µg/mL). The results demonstrated that the Red Sea is a promising biological reservoir, as shown by the isolation of
B. licheniformis
, which produces a glutaminase free ASNase and may be a potential candidate for further pharmaceutical use as an anticancer drug.
Journal Article
Research on the Design of New Logistics Control Chain Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology
The vigorous development of logistics industry has intensified the competition among enterprises. How to use innovative technology to promote their business to jump out of the Red Sea is a problem that many logistics enterprises are thinking about. The digital transformation of logistics control is also advancing from “Internet +” to “AI+”, and “AI+ industry” is becoming a transformative force that cannot be ignored. Based on this, this paper discusses the design of a new logistics control chain based on artificial intelligence technology.
Journal Article
Bioplastic (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) production by the marine bacterium Pseudodonghicola xiamenensis through date syrup valorization and structural assessment of the biopolymer
Biobased degradable plastics have received significant attention owing to their potential application as a green alternative to synthetic plastics. A dye-based procedure was used to screen poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-producing marine bacteria isolated from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Among the 56 bacterial isolates,
Pseudodonghicola xiamenensis
, identified using 16S rRNA gene analyses, accumulated the highest amount of PHB. The highest PHB production by
P. xiamenensis
was achieved after 96 h of incubation at pH 7.5 and 35 °C in the presence of 4% NaCl, and peptone was the preferred nitrogen source. The use of date syrup at 4% (w/v) resulted in a PHB concentration of 15.54 g/L and a PHB yield of 38.85% of the date syrup, with a productivity rate of 0.162 g/L/h, which could substantially improve the production cost. Structural assessment of the bioplastic by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the presence of methyl, hydroxyl, methine, methylene, and ester carbonyl groups in the extracted polymer. The derivative products of butanoic acid estimated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [butanoic acid, 2-amino-4-(methylseleno), hexanoic acid, 4-methyl-, methyl ester, and hexanedioic acid, monomethyl ester] confirmed the structure of PHB. The present results are the first report on the production of a bioplastic by
P. xiamenensis
, suggesting that Red Sea habitats are a potential biological reservoir for novel bioplastic-producing bacteria.
Journal Article
The role of seagrass vegetation and local environmental conditions in shaping benthic bacterial and macroinvertebrate communities in a tropical coastal lagoon
We investigated the influence of seagrass canopies on the benthic biodiversity of bacteria and macroinvertebrates in a Red Sea tropical lagoon. Changes in abundance, number of taxa and assemblage structure were analyzed in response to seagrass densities (low, SLD; high, SHD; seagrasses with algae, SA), and compared with unvegetated sediments. Biological and environmental variables were examined in these four habitats (hereafter called treatments), both in the underlaying sediments and overlaying waters, at three randomly picked locations in March 2017. Differences between treatments were more apparent in the benthic habitat than in the overlaying waters. The presence of vegetation (more than its cover) and changes in sedimentary features (grain size and metals) at local scales influenced the observed biological patterns, particularly for macroinvertebrates. Of note, the highest percentage of exclusive macroinvertebrate taxa (18% of the gamma diversity) was observed in the SHD treatment peaking in the SA for bacteria. Benthic macroinvertebrates and bacteria shared a generally low number of taxa across treatments and locations; approximately, 25% of the gamma diversity was shared among all treatments and locations for macrofauna, dropping to 11% for bacteria. Given the low overlap in the species distribution across the lagoon, sustaining the connectivity among heterogeneous soft sediment habitats appears to be essential for maintaining regional biodiversity. This study addresses a current scientific gap related to the relative contributions of vegetated and unvegetated habitats to biodiversity in tropical regions.
Journal Article
Deep neural network recognition of shallow water corals in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)
We describe the application of the computerized deep learning methodology to the recognition of corals in a shallow reef in the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea. This project is aimed at applying deep neural network analysis, based on thousands of underwater images, to the automatic recognition of some common species among the 100 species reported to be found in the Eilat coral reefs. This is a challenging task, since even in the same colony, corals exhibit significant within-species morphological variability, in terms of age, depth, current, light, geographic location, and inter-specific competition. Since deep learning procedures are based on photographic images, the task is further challenged by image quality, distance from the object, angle of view, and light conditions. We produced a large dataset of over 5,000 coral images that were classified into 11 species in the present automated deep learning classification scheme. We demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the method, as compared to painstaking manual classification. Specifically, we demonstrated that this method is readily adaptable to include additional species, thereby providing an excellent tool for future studies in the region, that would allow for real time monitoring the detrimental effects of global climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the coral reefs of the Gulf of Eilat and elsewhere, and that would help assess the success of various bioremediation efforts.
Journal Article
Cross-shelf investigation of coral reef cryptic benthic organisms reveals diversity patterns of the hidden majority
Coral reefs harbor diverse assemblages of organisms yet the majority of this diversity is hidden within the three dimensional structure of the reef and neglected using standard visual surveys. This study uses Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and amplicon sequencing methodologies, targeting mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and 18S rRNA genes, to investigate changes in the cryptic reef biodiversity. ARMS, deployed at 11 sites across a near- to off-shore gradient in the Red Sea were dominated by Porifera (sessile fraction), Arthropoda and Annelida (mobile fractions). The two primer sets detected different taxa lists, but patterns in community composition and structure were similar. While the microhabitat of the ARMS deployment affected the community structure, a clear cross-shelf gradient was observed for all fractions investigated. The partitioning of beta-diversity revealed that replacement (i.e. the substitution of species) made the highest contribution with richness playing a smaller role. Hence, different reef habitats across the shelf are relevant to regional diversity, as they harbor different communities, a result with clear implications for the design of Marine Protected Areas. ARMS can be vital tools to assess biodiversity patterns in the generally neglected but species-rich cryptic benthos, providing invaluable information for the management and conservation of hard-bottomed habitats over local and global scales.
Journal Article
Changes in regional wet heatwave in Eurasia during summer (1979–2017)
Wet heatwaves can have more impact on human health than hot dry heatwaves. However, changes in these have received little scientific attention. Using the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 reanalysis dataset, wet-bulb temperatures ( T w ) were used to investigate the spatial-temporal variation of wet heatwaves in Eurasia for 1979–2017. Wet heatwaves were defined as three day or longer periods when T w was above the 90th percentile of the summer distribution and characterized by amplitude, duration and frequency. Maximum values of amplitude, close to 31 °C, occur in the Indus–Ganges plain, the lower Yangtze valley, and the coasts of the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. Significant positive trends in the frequency and amplitude of wet heatwaves have occurred over most of Eurasia though with regional variations. Changes in heatwave amplitude (HWA) are largely driven by changes in summer mean T w . For Eurasia as a whole, increases in temperature contribute more than six times the impact of changes in relative humidity (RH) to changes in T w HWA. Changes in T w have a strong dependence on climatological RH with an increase in RH of 1% causing a T w increase of 0.2 °C in arid regions, and only increasing T w by 0.1 °C in humid regions. During T w heatwaves in Europe, parts of Tibet, India, East Asia and parts of the Arabian Peninsula both temperature and humidity contribute to the increase in T w , with temperature the dominant driver. During wet heatwaves in part of Russia, changes in humidity are weak and the increase in T w is mainly caused by an increase in temperature. In the Mediterranean and Central Asia, RH has fallen reducing the increase in T w from general warming.
Journal Article