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Parental income and wealth contribute to children's success but are at least partly endogenous to parents' cognitive and noncognitive skills. We estimate the degree to which mothers' skills measured in early adulthood confound the relationship between their economic resources and their children's postsecondary education outcomes. Analyses of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 suggest that maternal cognitive and noncognitive skills attenuate half of parental income's association with child baccalaureate college attendance, a fifth of its association with elite college attendance, and a quarter of its association with bachelor's degree completion. Maternal skills likewise attenuate a third of parental wealth's association with children's baccalaureate college attendance, half of its association with elite college attendance, and a fifth of its association with bachelor's degree completion. Observational studies of the relationship between parents' economic resources and children's postsecondary attainments that fail to account for parental skills risk seriously overstating the benefits of parental income and wealth.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the level of self-directed learning readiness, locus of control and the personality traits of preschool teacher candidates. The survey method was used for this study. The study group consisted of 151 teacher candidates who volunteered to participate in the study from Preschool Education department at Atatürk Faculty of Education, Marmara University. A Demographic Form, Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, The Big Five Inventory and Locus of Control Scale were used as the data collection tools. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between the level of self-directed learning readiness, \"extraversion\" and \"conscientiousness\" traits of personality and \"personal control\" subscale of the locus of control. The results could be discussed in terms of training the preschool teacher candidates to improve their self-directed learning readiness levels by considering their personality traits and locus of control.

Prior research hasfound a relationship between the health habits of individuals and their financial well-being. Little research has been conducted, however, to explore the nature of the health-wealth connection. The purpose of this study was to explore and test the association of physical health behaviors, namely exercise and diet, and health information search behaviors, and financial wellness. Using data from the 2008 wave of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), retirement planning activities were used as aproxy for financial wellness, and self-determination theory as a framework for the analysis, this study found that individuals who engage in health information search behaviors, such as reading the contents and nutrition details of food labels, are more likely to engage infinancial planning activities.

The purposes of the current study were to evaluate a measure of academic dishonesty and examine high ability college students’ loci of control and its effect on behaviors of academic dishonesty, as moderated by academic self-concept. A total of 357 high ability college students enrolled at two universities in the southwestern United States took part in this study. Variables and the moderation of academic self-concept were examined for the aggregate group (n = 357) and for the disaggregate honors and non-honors groups. Students completed the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), the Self-Description Questionnaire III (Marsh, 1989), and a scale to measure academic dishonesty based on the work of Geddes (2011). A 17-item measure of academic dishonesty was developed. Results indicate locus of control does not significantly predict academic dishonesty for the non-honors group, but several relationships were found among variables for the aggregate group and for the honors and non-honors groups.

This study explored the variations in democratic beliefs among teachers based on gender and locus of control. The study groups comprised of 286 teachers. The results demonstrated that the level of adherence to democratic beliefs on the part of female teachers was significantly higher than those of male teachers, especially in terms of equality and justice. This study found that teachers' gender has an effect on their democratic beliefs and this effect was found statistically low for equality, very low for freedom, average for justice, and low for the overall dimensions. Observance of democratic values was found to be significantly higher for teachers with internal locus of control than for those with external locus of control in terms of freedom. And, in terms of locus of control, teachers' democratic belief was found statistically low for equality, average for independence, low for justice, and average for the overall dimensions. (Contains 2 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of vocational outcome expectation to social support which is an environmental factor and locus of control which is a personal factor. With this purpose, using Social Cognitive Career Theory as the theoretical framework, 263 undergraduate students completed Vocational Outcome Expectations Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Results indicated that perceived social support from family, friends and significant others were positively and locus of control were negatively associated with vocational outcome expectations. The results also indicated that within the perceived social support dimensions, family support was the unique significant predictor of vocational outcome expectation. Locus of control significantly predicted vocational outcome expectation scores as well. In the light of these findings, suggestions that interventions targeting to increase vocational outcome expectations of students had better take the family support into consideration and include exercises for families were emphasized and ideas for future research are discussed.

It is the aim of this research to investigate the achievement goals of university students. Firstly, university students’ adoption levels of achievement goals are described. Next, how their level of academic self-efficacy, irrational beliefs, perfectionism, self-determination, locus of control and gender predict each achievement goal is depicted. The participants consisted of 1509 university students. The findings showed that students generally adopted the mastery-approach at a high level, mastery-avoidance at a medium level, and both performance-approach and performance-avoidance at a low level. Furthermore, according to the results of hierarchical regression analysis, it was found that perfectionism related to higher standards, academic selfefficacy, perfectionism related to order, self-determination, internal locus of control, perfectionism related to dissatisfaction and gender (female) predicted the mastery-approach achievement goal significantly. Masteryavoidance achievement goal was significantly predicted by perfectionism related to higher standards, irrational beliefs, perfectionism related to order and discrepancy and gender (female). Irrational beliefs, academic selfefficacy, perfectionism related to discrepancy, self-determination and gender (male) significantly predicted the performance-approach achievement goal. Irrational beliefs, perfectionism related to the discrepancy, selfdetermination, perfectionism related to higher standards and academic self-efficacy significantly predicted the performance avoidance achievement goal.

This study is aimed at investigating the relationships among students’ relevant prior knowledge, meaningful learning orientation, reasoning ability, self-efficacy, locus of control, attitudes toward biology and achievement with the human circulatory system (HCS) using the learning cycle (LC) and the traditional classroom setting. The study was conducted with two teachers and four classes for a total of 60 11th grade students from high school. One class for each teacher was assigned as an experimental group and treated with 5E LC instruction and the other class was assigned as a control group and treated with traditional instruction (TI). The Human Circulatory System Achievement Test (HCSACT) was administered twice as a pre-test and after the treatment period, as a post-test to both the experimental and control groups.

Birth to three early intervention is unique time in the life of a family of a child with a disability in that confidence and competence of the parents can be addressed as part of the intervention goals and objectives. Locus of control is a quality measure of a parent's perception of their ability to be their child's teacher, advocate, and champion and is associated with confidence and competence. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the association of locus of control orientation using Rotter's Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966) with perception of family status as it relates to the child with the disability at entry and exit of birth to three early intervention using the Family Outcomes Survey (Bailey, 2006) in two groups of mothers at entry and exit of services. Analysis indicated there was no difference in locus of control between the two groups. Further, locus of control was not associated with the Family Outcomes Survey. The Family Outcomes survey demonstrated differences between the two groups and additional association with the socioeconomic proxy of type of insurance, length of time the family took part in early intervention, and the reason the child qualified for early intervention.