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Rumination and low self-esteem are associated with suicidality, and with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, rumination and self-esteem in relation to suicidality in adults with ASD have not been examined. This cross-sectional study (n = 75; 46 males and 29 females) investigates the relation of rumination and self-esteem to the absence/presence of suicidal ideation (SUIC+/−), history of attempted suicide (HAS), and severity of suicidality. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that self-esteem was significantly associated with SUIC+/−, whereas rumination was significantly associated with HAS. Multiple regression analysis showed that rumination and self-esteem were independently associated with severity of suicidality, but these lose their significant contribution, when statistically controlling for depression. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 66.6%; gender was not a significant factor.

Although it is a widely used questionnaire, limitations regarding the scoring procedure and the structural validity of the eight-item Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) were raised. The present study aimed to examine further the latent dimensionality of the RFQ-8 and to examine linear and non-linear associations between mentalization difficulties and maladaptive psychological characteristics. Data from two separate representative samples of young adults (N = 3890; females: 51.68%; mean age: 27.06 years [SD = 4.76]) and adults (N = 1385; females: 53.20%; mean age: 41.77 years [SD = 13.08]) were used. In addition to the RFQ-8, standardized questionnaires measured the levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking, rumination, worry and well-being. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the model fit of competing measurement models. CFA revealed that a revised, seven-item version of the RFQ (RFQ-R-7) with a unidimensional structure showed the most optimal levels of model fit in both samples. Impulsivity, sensation seeking, rumination and worry consistently presented significant, positive, linear associations with general mentalization difficulties in both samples. Significant quadratic associations were also identified, but these relationships closely followed the linear associations between the variables and increased only marginally the explained variance. The supported unidimensional measurement model and the associations between the general mentalization difficulties factor and maladaptive psychological characteristics indicated that the RFQ-R-7 captures a dimension of hypomentalization ranging between low and high levels of uncertainty. Increasing levels of hypomentalization can indicate a risk for less adaptive psychological functioning. Further revisions of the RFQ-8 might be warranted in the future to ensure adequate measurement for hypermentalization.

Mobile phone dependence has become a worldwide problem due to its high occurrence rate, fast growth rate, and serious undesirable consequences. Previous studies have found that attachment anxiety is a key antecedent of mobile phone dependence. However, little is known about the underlying psychological mechanisms. The present study tested the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating role of rumination in the link between attachment anxiety and mobile phone dependence. A sample of 908 Chinese university students aged 17 to 27 years old was recruited from four universities in Central China. They completed the Chinese version of Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, Mobile Phone Addiction Index, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Ruminative Response Scale. After controlling for gender and age, loneliness mediated the association between attachment anxiety and mobile phone dependence. Both the direct association between attachment anxiety and mobile phone dependence and the indirect association through loneliness were moderated by rumination. These two associations were stronger for individuals with high rumination than for those with low rumination. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Rumination and negative emotions are prevalent among university students and are strongly linked to mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety. Group counseling involving a mindfulness-based strategies may help prevent university students from developing rumination and negative emotions and subsequent mental health disorders. This study aims to evaluate the alleviating effect of mindfulness intervention on rumination and negative emotions in university students in China. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 2 arms (Intervention Group and Control Group), three assessment time points (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up) is proposed. A total of 196 university students are randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 98) receiving a 2-week, daily 1.5-hour mindfulness training (MT) and a control group (n = 98) receiving peer support (PS) sessions. Participants complete the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) before, immediately after, and three months post-intervention. Statistical analysis will compare outcomes between groups to evaluate the effectiveness using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Before the intervention, no significant differences are observed between groups. After the intervention, the MT group shows significant improvements in MAAS scores and reductions in DASS-21 scores (p < 0.05) compared to the PS group. While immediate improvements in rumination (RRS) are not significant, the MT group exhibits significant reductions in rumination three months post-intervention. This study contributes to a better understanding of the effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in alleviating rumination and negative emotions in university students, and it is expected that with the proposed intervention university students can improve their psychological well-being. Besides, mindfulness interventions can potentially be extended to participants suffering from other psychological issues in the future.

Rumination, a dysfunctional way of thinking, can be counteracted by mindfulness. One leading mechanism through which mindfulness works is a change in perspective on the self, i.e., looking at one’s own mental contents from a decentered perspective. Here, we tested whether a change in perspective on the self is grounded in a well-known cognitive capacity, visuospatial perspective-taking (VSPT), allowing individuals to adopt another’s visuospatial viewpoint. We measured rumination and dispositional mindfulness through self-report questionnaires and evaluated VSPT using a task requiring participants (N = 345) to judge the left/right location of an object with which an agent could interact by gazing, grasping, combining the two cues or adopting a still posture. Cluster analysis identified a group of participants (N = 59) systematically judging the object location from the agent’s (altercentric) perspective. In this group, the main results showed that the altercentric responses in the task condition in which the agent gazed towards the object significantly predicted both mindfulness and rumination. The higher was the proportion of the altercentric responses the higher was the mindfulness score and the lower was the rumination one. These findings provide the first evidence that a change in perspective on the self, involved in dispositional traits like rumination and mindfulness, can be grounded in the altercentric perspective-taking.

Aggressive drivers pose a significant road safety threat to themselves and other road users. Therefore, understanding the relationships between certain cognitive processes and increased frequency of aggression has the potential to reduce road trauma through intervention. This study examined the relationships between anger rumination and forgiveness with trait driving anger and aggressive driving. These factors have previously been individually identified as predictors of aggression; but have yet to be considered simultaneously, despite recognised association between forgiveness and rumination tendencies outside of road safety research. Aggressive driving was measured across three facets of behaviour: verbal aggression, physical aggression, and use of the vehicle to display anger. Adaptive constructive responses to driving anger were also considered. Five hundred and one drivers (mean age = 43.7; SD = 17.7; men = 53.8%) completed an online questionnaire seeking information on these factors. Structural equation modelling showed that, after controlling for gender, 62% of the variance in aggressive driving was explained by a combination of trait driving anger, more frequent rumination and lower levels of forgiveness. Specifically, lower levels of forgiveness predicted more anger rumination (accounting for 49% of the variance), and the relationship between anger rumination and aggression was fully mediated by trait driving anger. A second model demonstrated that 17% of the variance in adaptive constructive responses to anger could be explained by higher levels of forgiveness, lower rumination and driving anger. Efforts to improve driver behaviour need to focus primarily on the reduction of driving anger. This could be achieved by reducing rumination through the promotion of forgiveness for the behaviour of other drivers.

The pandemic of COVID-19 is now posing a worldwide hazard to one’s health. Exposure to COVID-19 may cause negative emotions like anxiety, which is one of recognized risk factors for aggressive behaviors. This study looked into the effect of exposure to COVID-19 on aggression and how anxiety may act as a mediating factor, as well as lastly how rumination could moderate a variety of indirect paths during the epidemic of COVID-19. According to the current study’s findings, which included a sizable sample of Chinese college students (N = 1,518), being exposed to COVID-19 showed a positive connection with aggression and anxiety, as well as rumination. These findings clarify the role that mediators play in the relationship between anxiety and exposure to COVID-19. The results are also helpful for personalizing treatments and putting preventative measures in place to decrease the aggression brought on by exposure to COVID-19. It is explored how lowering rumination and anxiety may be useful in the context of COVID-19 to lessen the psychopathological effects of the condition.

PurposeThe current study explored the association between childhood psychological maltreatment and bullying perpetration. Furthermore, it tested a moderated mediation model to examine the role of angry rumination and empathy in this relationship.MethodsA total of 2,286 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.46 years, SD = 0.93) completed self-report measures of childhood psychological maltreatment, bullying perpetration, angry rumination, and empathy. SPSS 25.0 was used to evaluate empathy as a moderator of the direct and indirect relationships between childhood psychological maltreatment and adolescents’ bullying perpetration via angry rumination.ResultsThe findings revealed that adolescents who experienced childhood psychological maltreatment were more likely to bully others, which was mediated by angry rumination. Empathy moderated the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and angry rumination and also moderated the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and bullying perpetration. Specifically, high empathy enhanced the association between childhood psychological maltreatment and angry rumination, but weakened the association between childhood psychological maltreatment and bullying perpetration.ConclusionsOur study is the first to identify how childhood psychological maltreatment is related to bullying perpetration and the underlying mechanisms, which have important theoretical and practical significance for preventing or intervening in adolescents’ bullying perpetration from family aspects.

Although the relationship between shyness and aggression has been well established, whether shyness is associated with cyberbullying perpetration and its underlying mechanisms has been unclear. Guided by the General Aggression Model (GAM), this study proposed that shyness, as a personal trait, is related to cyberbullying perpetration through cognitive and emotional processes. Specifically, we developed a moderated mediation model to examine the mediating roles of relative deprivation and anger rumination, as well as the moderating role of Internet morality, in the relationship between shyness and cyberbullying. Results indicated that both relative deprivation and anger rumination operated as separate and sequential mediators in the relationship between shyness and cyberbullying perpetration. Additionally, Internet morality moderated the effects of shyness and anger rumination on cyberbullying perpetration, and the mediating effects through anger rumination and relative deprivation, and solely through anger rumination. These effects were substantially weaker for individuals with higher levels of Internet morality. The present study provides valuable insights into the potential mechanisms linking shyness and cyberbullying perpetration and emphasizes the critical role of Internet morality in alleviating college students’ cyberbullying.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are reported to have greater levels of anger rumination than typically developing children. This study examined anger rumination in children with ASD in comparison to children with disruptive behavior disorder without ASD. We also tested if anger rumination is associated with aggression and the core ASD symptoms of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). This study included three groups of children aged 8–16 years: 63 had ASD (ASD group), 79 had disruptive behavior disorder (DB group), and 40 healthy controls (HC). ASD and DB groups showed greater anger rumination relative to the HC group. Anger rumination was associated with RRBs in children with ASD, suggesting the link to core ASD symptoms.