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Airplane performance on grass airfields
\"Airplane Performance on Grass Airfields presents an experiment-based approach to analysis and flight testing of airfield performance on grass runways. It discusses improvements for operations efficiency and safety of these airfields. The book is intended for researchers and practicing engineers in the fields of aviation and aircraft safety and performance. The book analyzes the interaction between the landing gear wheels and the surface of a grass runways during both takeoff and landing. It covers test methods and devices for measuring performance and introduces an information system for the surface condition of grass airfields: GARFIELD\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Research on civil aircraft airworthiness verification technology for operating capacity on narrow runways
Although airworthiness regulations implicitly consider runway width in requirements such as the determination of minimum control speed on the ground, there is no provision that explicitly requires the establishment of a minimum runway width for a specific type of aircraft. Although relevant materials such as ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) have given guidance on minimum runway widths applicable to aircraft operations, only TCCA (Transport Canada) has developed an AC (advisory circular) for narrow runway operations. Based on the reference to TCCA AC 525-014, this paper introduces the method of defining the minimum runway width of an aircraft applicable to narrow runway airworthiness verification, gives the additional airworthiness requirements for narrow-runway operations and the considerations for sorting out the affected basic airworthiness regulation requirements, and provides the compliance verification method and some examples. The research results of this airworthiness verification technology are universal and can provide important reference significance for the supplementary verification of narrow-runway operating capacity for civil aircraft.
Journal Article
Unit dual quaternion‐based pose optimisation for visual runway observations
This study addresses the pose estimation problem of an aircraft runway using visual observations in a landing approach scenario. The authors utilised the fact that the geodetic coordinates of most runways are known precisely with highly visible markers. Thus, the runway observations can increase the level of situational awareness during the landing approach, providing additional redundancy of navigation and less reliance on global positioning system. A novel pose optimisation algorithm is proposed utilising unit dual quaternion for the runway corner observations obtained from a monocular camera. The estimated runway pose is further fused with an inertial navigation system in an extended Kalman filter. An open‐source flight simulator is used to collect and process the visual and flight dataset during the landing approach, demonstrating reliable runway pose estimates and the improved inertial navigation solution.
Journal Article
Estimation Distributed Algorithm to Aid Aircraft Runway Scheduling Problem
In this paper, we proposed a runway sequencing and optimal scheduling method. This includes constructing a flight sequencing model to minimize design delay time for arrival and departure flights and designing flight sequencing rules to obtain large-scale feasible runway usage sequences efficiently. Furthermore, a Kendall- τ distance-based Mallows model is constructed based on the obtained flight sequences. An Estimation Distributed Algorithm (EDA) is used to assign each flight a runway usage time that meets the constraint so that the total delay time is minimized. Finally, it is verified that the method can not only reduce the total delay time of the flight as a whole but also has significant performance and is highly implementable through the analysis of calculation cases.
Journal Article
Random Vibration Analysis of a Coupled Aircraft/Runway Modeled System for Runway Evaluation
Runway roughness is one of the most critical performance factors for runway evaluation, which directly impacts airport operation safety and pavement preservation cost. Properly evaluated runway roughness could optimize the decision-making process for runway preservation and therefore reduce the life cycle cost of the runway pavement asset. In this paper, the excitation effect of runway roughness is analyzed using a coupled aircraft/runway system. The coupled system is composed of a two degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) aircraft model and a typical asphalt runway structure model established under runway roughness random excitation in this work. The dynamic differential equations for the coupled system are derived based on D’Alembert’s principle. The system’s vibration responses are determined via the pseudo excitation method and three response laws, i.e., the center of gravity acceleration (CGA), the dynamic load coefficient (DLC) of the landing gear, and the runway structural displacement, which are investigated under different modes. The results show that the first-order mode of the runway structure, vertical deformation, is the most significant of the four modes. Moreover, uneven excitation has a significant effect on the distribution of the aircraft’s vibration response. Compared with a single aircraft system, the developed coupled aircraft/runway system has different dynamic responses, and the degree of difference depends on the taxiing speed. The coupled effect on the CGA increases significantly with an increase in speed, with up to a 7.3% percentage difference. The coupled effect on the DLC first increases and then decreases as the aircraft speed increases, reaching a maximum of about 6% percentage difference at 120 km/h.
Journal Article
Algorithms for Scheduling Runway Operations Under Constrained Position Shifting
The efficient operation of airports, and runways in particular, is critical to the throughput of the air transportation system as a whole. Scheduling arrivals and departures at runways is a complex problem that needs to address diverse and often competing considerations of efficiency, safety, and equity among airlines. One approach to runway scheduling that arises from operational and fairness considerations is that of constrained position shifting (CPS), which requires that an aircraft's position in the optimized sequence not deviate significantly from its position in the first-come-first-served sequence. This paper presents a class of scalable dynamic programming algorithms for runway scheduling under constrained position shifting and other system constraints. The results from a prototype implementation, which is fast enough to be used in real time, are also presented.
Journal Article
An Airport Knowledge-Based Method for Accurate Change Analysis of Airport Runways in VHR Remote Sensing Images
Due to the complexity of airport background and runway structure, the performances of most runway extraction methods are limited. Furthermore, at present, the military fields attach greater importance to semantic changes of some objects in the airport, but few studies have been done on this subject. To address these issues, this paper proposes an accurate runway change analysis method, which comprises two stages: airport runway extraction and runway change analysis. For the former stage, some airport knowledge, such as chevron markings and runway edge markings, are first applied in combination with multiple features of runways to improve the accuracy. In addition, the proposed method can accomplish airport runway extraction automatically. For the latter, semantic information and vector results of runway changes can be obtained simultaneously by comparing bi-temporal runway extraction results. In six test images with about 0.5-m spatial resolution, the average completeness of runway extraction is nearly 100%, and the average quality is nearly 89%. In addition, the final experiment using two sets of bi-temporal very high-resolution (VHR) images of runway changes demonstrated that semantic results obtained by our method are consistent with the real situation and the final accuracy is over 80%. Overall, the airport knowledge, especially chevron markings for runways and runway edge markings, are critical to runway recognition/detection, and multiple features of runways, such as shape and parallel line features, can further improve the completeness and accuracy of runway extraction. Finally, a small step has been taken in the study of runway semantic changes, which cannot be accomplished by change detection alone.
Journal Article
Comparative Study on Damage Effects of Penetration-Explosive and Prefabricated-Hole Explosive Modes on Airport Runway
Based on the LS-DYNA, a numerical simulation model for warhead penetration-explosive and Prefabricated-Hole explosive airport runway was established, and the characteristic of damage airport runway was analysed. The result shows: when the detonation depth W/d from 1.0 to 25.0, the area of the runway damaged by the prefabricated-hole explosive of the warhead first increases and then decreases. At W/d = 15, the damage area reaches its peak. The damage area of airport runway caused by warhead penetration-explosive increased by 5.12% compared to prefabricated-hole explosive.
Journal Article
BARS: a benchmark for airport runway segmentation
Airport runway segmentation can effectively reduce the accident rate during the landing phase, which has the largest risk of flight accidents. With the rapid development of deep learning (DL), related methods achieve good performance on segmentation tasks and can be well adapted to complex scenes. However, the lack of large-scale, publicly available datasets in this field makes the development of methods based on DL difficult. Therefore, we propose a benchmark for airport runway segmentation, named BARS. Additionally, a semiautomatic annotation pipeline is designed to reduce the annotation workload. BARS has the largest dataset with the richest categories and the only instance annotation in the field. The dataset, which was collected using the X-Plane simulation platform, contains 10,256 images and 30,201 instances with three categories. We evaluate eleven representative instance segmentation methods on BARS and analyze their performance. Based on the characteristic of an airport runway with a regular shape, we propose a plug-and-play smoothing postprocessing module (SPM) and a contour point constraint loss (CPCL) function to smooth segmentation results for mask-based and contour-based methods, respectively. Furthermore, a novel evaluation metric named average smoothness (AS) is developed to measure smoothness. The experiments show that existing instance segmentation methods can achieve prediction results with good performance on BARS. SPM and CPCL can effectively enhance the AS metric while modestly improving accuracy. Our work will be available at https://github.com/c-wenhui/BARS.
Journal Article