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"Rural crimes"
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Crime and poverty in 19th-century England : the economy of makeshifts
It has long been suggested that poverty was responsible for a criminal underclass emerging in Britain during the 19th century. Until quite recently, historians did little to challenge this perception. Using innovative quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques, this book looks in detail at some of the causal factors that motivated the poorer classes to commit crime, or act in ways that transgressed acceptable standards of behaviour.
Book
Mounties, Moose, and Moonshine
Okihiro looks at crime arising from economic subsistence behaviours ? hunting, gathering, and domestic production activities long supported or tolerated in the outports, including big-game poaching and the production and consumption of moonshine.
eBook
Territorial analysis of crime in rural areas and its short-term forecast for 2022
Objective : to analyze the criminological situation in the Russian Federation and the territorial differences in crime in rural areas, as well as to make a short-term forecast of this type of crime in the Russian Federation. Methods : dynamic, statistical, historical, systemic-structural and comparative-legal methods, as well as a specific sociological methodology of estimating rural crime. Results : the main trend of rural crime from January 1, 2019 to October 1, 2021 can be considered a uniform straightline decrease: a constant monthly decrease by 1.1 thousand crimes. This trend characterizes a situation when the effect of criminogenic factors is neutralized by the impact of anti-criminogenic ones. If we take the above-mentioned data as a basis and generalize them for the next year, we can assume that in 2022 from 331.2 thousand to 388.8 thousand crimes will be registered in rural areas of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, it should be noted that official data on the state of crime in rural areas, as well as the criminal statistics in the Russian Federation as a whole, cause well-founded doubts. The landslide reduction in crimes in rural areas does not follow from the ongoing social changes in rural areas and gives reason to believe that such a reduction is due to a violation of accounting and registration discipline on the part of staff of the law-enforcement bodies. Scientific novelty : for the first time, a comparative legal analysis of the dynamics of registered crimes in rural and urban areas was carried out, as a result of which the features of crime in rural areas were identified and the author’s short-term forecast for 2022 was proposed. Despite the tendency to reduce the number of crimes registered in rural areas in 2009-2021, the criminal situation in rural areas remains complicated. Statistical indicators do not reflect the real state of this type of crime, since this trend is due to artificial regulation of the number of crimes reflected in statistical reporting towards understatement. Practical significance : as a result of the conducted criminological research, a high degree of public danger of crime in rural areas has been revealed, and its forecasting makes it possible to pay closer attention to the need to develop effective measures to combat and prevent this type of crime.
Journal Article
Imprisonment of female urban and rural offenders in Victoria, 1860-1920
This paper examines imprisonment data from Victoria between 1860 and 1920 to gather insights into the variations in incidence of women being convicted by rural versus urban courts, including close focus on the difference in types of offences being committed in urban and rural locations. This paper also details women's mobility between both communities as well as change in their offending profiles based on their geographic locations. Our findings suggest that while the authorities were broadly most concerned with removing disorderly and vagrant women from both urban and rural streets, rural offending had its own characteristics that differentiate it from urban offending. Therefore, this demonstrates that when examining female offending, geographic location of an offender and offence must be taken into consideration.
Journal Article
Access to Justice in Rural Communities
This book offers insight on access to justice from rural areas in internationally comparable contexts to highlight the diversity of experiences within, and across rural areas globally.It looks at the fundamental questions for people's lives raised by the issue of access to justice as well as the rule of law.
eBook
Rural American farmers’ perceptions of crime, safety and policing
PurposeThe purpose is to understand how farmers in rural American communities perceive crime, safety and policing.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey, adapted from a version used in Victoria, Australia (Harkness, 2017), was modified and administered through social media and farming organizations throughout three US states. The survey covers topics relating to crime and victimization, feelings of safety or fear in rural areas, policing practices and trust in police in their areas and any crime prevention practices that respondents use.FindingsWith nearly 1,200 respondents and four scales investigated, results indicate that those respondents with more favorable views of law enforcement and the criminal justice system had the highest fear of crime, those who had been prior victims of crime had a higher fear of crime than those who did not, those with higher community involvement had higher fear of crime, and those from Nebraska compared to Colorado had higher fear of crime.Research limitations/implicationsA better understanding of the agricultural community’s perceptions of crime, safety and policing will aid law enforcement in community policing efforts and in farm crime investigation and prevention. Limitations of the study, including the distribution method will be discussed.Originality/valueFarm- and agriculture-related crimes have serious financial and emotional consequences for producers and local economies. Stereotypes about rural areas being “safe with no crime” are still prevalent. Rural American farmers’ perceptions of crime, safety and police are largely absent from the literature and are important for improving farm crime prevention.
Journal Article
Telling a Similar Story Twice? NCVS/UCR Convergence in Serious Violent Crime Rates in Rural, Suburban, and Urban Places (1973–2010)
Objectives
This study examines UCR and NCVS serious violence crime trends in urban, suburban, and rural areas, and assesses the extent to which discrepancies in the two data series are due to victim reporting or police crime-recording practices. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the rural data series.
Methods
NCVS data for 1973–2010 are used to estimate subnational rates of serious violence and comparable rates for crimes that victims said were reported to police, and these estimates are compared to subnational UCR data. Time-series cointegration analysis is used to assess convergence in the NCVS and UCR series along with descriptive comparative analyses.
Results
The degree of convergence in UCR and NCVS trends was found to vary across areas; however this was not due to differences in rates of reporting to police. Suburban and urban UCR and NCVS trends converged with and without adjustment for police reporting. Little evidence of NCVS/UCR series convergence was found in rural areas even after victim reporting was taken into account.
Conclusion
The recording and production of crime data by the police appears to contribute to subnational differences in the convergence between the UCR and NCVS series. The findings suggest rural crime trend analysis should not be based solely on UCR data. To illustrate the difference between conclusions based on UCR and NCVS rural violence trends, we find that poverty rates have a large, significant association with rural violence as measured in the NCVS, but are unrelated to UCR rates.
Journal Article
Measuring geographies of fear of crime and crime in semi‑rural Sweden
The lack of research on why certain locations are perceived as unsafe has often been attributed to the scarcity of suitable data on place-based fear of crime. To address this gap, this study explores two spatial data collection methods applied in semi-rural areas of Kristianstad, Sweden. The first method uses a digital sketch map integrated with open-ended questions, accessed via an online web map platform, allowing participants to directly mark unsafe locations and resulting in geographically precise data on perceived fear of crime. The second method involves a random sample survey, employing open-ended questions to identify unsafe locations and circumstances, with responses geocoded into points, lines, or polygons for spatial inquiry. The study identifies similarities and differences in the geography of fear of crime derived from these methods. Strong alignment between the web map and survey is observed in both locations, and Spearman’s rank correlation also reveals a significant link between signal crimes and fear of crime. Kernel Density Estimation and Nearest Neighbour analysis reveal significant clusters of fear of crime in both areas, often overlapping with crime hotspots. The findings suggest that a convenience sample collected via a web application performs comparably to a traditional open-ended survey with a random sample, indicating that simpler and more cost-effective methods may be sufficient for capturing place-based fear of crime. This methodological insight supports pragmatic data collection and informs targeted, place-based fear of crime prevention strategies in both rural and urban contexts.
Journal Article
Cultural practices and human rights: The non-reporting of rape cases in the Lupane Rural District of Zimbabwe
While the non-reporting of rape is problematic internationally, it is particularly worrisome in the Lupane rural district of Zimbabwe. Therefore, this study was designed to understand the reasons behind non-reporting. Data was collected using narrative unstructured interviews with 44 purposively selected participants, consisting of 30 villagers and their 14 village heads. Three non-government organisations (NGO) registered as service organisations for the district formed part of the sample. The leave to interview Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) personnel was sought, and the Commissioner-General of ZRP declined to provide gatekeeper permission. Thematic data analysis identified key themes and their relationships and meanings. New conversations are recommended for village communities to initiate culturally sensitive awareness and improve the reporting of rape.
Journal Article