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This article analyses the combined effect on subjective well-being of rural versus urban environments and a country’s level of economic development. There is a great deal of controversy regarding the subjective well-being of people in different places. Fischer’s works report greater happiness among village inhabitants than among urban residents. However, in ‘Urbanism as a way of life’, Wirth demonstrates the attractiveness of the urban environment in contributing to subjective well-being. Our data set includes 29 countries participating in the 2012 ESS. The results confirm the hypothesis that in wealthier countries, rural living standards are high enough to create a higher level of subjective well-being; while in less developed countries the rural environment cannot compete with urban resources for creating subjective well-being.

Introduction Sleep disorders have a significant negative impact on mental and physical health, especially among the elderly. Various factors can affect the sleep quality of elderly people. The aim of this research to investigate the effect of urban and rural environments on the sleep quality of elderly people with emphasis on physical activity. Method Four hundred and thirty-nine elderly people (226 city residents and 213 village residents) in urban and rural areas of Bushehr (Southern Iran), volunteered to participate in the present study. Information was collected via the General information questionnaire and Petersburg Sleep Questionnaire. Result The results showed that active elderly women ( p  < 0.001), and total active elderly (male + female) ( p  < 0.001) living in urban areas compared to inactive elderly and also in rural areas active elderly women ( p  < 0.001), active elderly men ( p  < 0.001) and total active elderly (male + female) ( p  < 0.001) had better overall sleep quality in compared to inactive elderly. Also, elderly men ( p  < 0.001) and the total elderly (male + female) ( p  < 0.001) living in urban areas had better sleep quality than the elderly in rural areas. Conclusion Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the way of life (being active) as well as the living environment can affect the sleep quality of elderly people, so that active elderly people and also elderly people living in urban environments had better sleep quality. Highlights • Active elderly people have better sleep quality than inactive elderly people. • In both urban and rural areas, people who are more physically active have better sleep quality. • Improving the level of physical activity can be one of the best options to increase the quality of sleep and the health of elderly.

The aim of this study is to synthesise the scientific evidence on the implications of urban and rural environments on older adults’ adaptation strategies to heatwaves. Methods: The methodology follows PRISMA guidelines, which involves a systematic search of the scientific literature in selected electronic databases, including Web of Science and Scopus, to assist in the selection, identification and retention of studies. Results: The search identified 4991 potentially eligible articles, of which 17 met the criteria, mainly from developed countries, emphasising a multidisciplinary approach and moderate to low quality. Urban and rural environments influence older adults’ adaptation strategies to heatwaves through the adequacy of the physical environment of the dwelling (design, materials, equipment) and the neighbourhood (green spaces, residential density, land use), the social environment (support network and type of assistance) and risk management (protective measures and heat warning systems). At the individual level, adaptation to heatwaves is determined by age, gender, health status, socio-economic status and social isolation. Discussion and conclusions: Differences in perceptions of heat adaptation were found according to location, typology and environmental characteristics, especially in developing countries. The findings contribute to promoting the adoption of protective measures, the design of heat warning systems, and the planning of friendly and resilient cities and rural communities to support the adaptation of an ageing society to the climate warming.

Hydatidosis remains a major health problem in our country. In infants, pulmonary localization is more frequent while in adults the liver is the most affected site. It has many clinical and radiological features that may delay the diagnosis.The aim of our study is to delineate some of the important characteristics of this affection in the pediatric population and to remind the atypical localization.We lead a retrospective study over 29 years in the pediatric department of patients under the age of 18 years old. 23 patients were enrolled. We counted 18 males and 5 females with an average age of 9 years old. The rural environment was found in 21 patients having close contact with dogs.Clinically, 12 patients presented respiratory symptoms varying from simple dyspnoea and cough to hemoptysis and infectious signs. 8 patients reported only chest pain with no other signs. The diagnosis was accidentally in 3 cases. The pulmonary localization was found in 20 cases associated to hepatic hydatidosis in 8 cases. 2 patients had cerebral localization. The kidney and the pericardium were affected in 1 case each. The average size of the cysts was 7cm. Hydatic serology was positive in 73%.Computed tomography with contrast agent injection was performed in all the patients and allowed the diagnosis showing a simple cystic formation in 20 patients and multilocular cyst in 3 patients. It allowed also to look for second localization.Treatment was based on the surgery in 95% of cases with a medical treatment based on Albendazol in 78% for a period between 3 months and 2 years. A reoccurrence was noted in 1 case.

Climate change and its associated impacts on human health are serious and growing challenges. Yet, despite elevated health disparities, unique underlying vulnerabilities, and distinctive ecosystems, little research has been conducted in rural mountain environments to understand climate-health interactions. The climate change and health workshop in rural mountain environments was held at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina, United States, to address these research gaps. Experts, community members, and students from diverse disciplines engaged in World Café brainstorms and open-ended discussions to highlight needs across seven research priority themes, which focused on rural southern Appalachia but are applicable to other rural mountain environments: (1) anticipating climate change-driven environmental changes specific to rural mountain environments; (2) identifying and reaching vulnerable populations; (3) building health care access security during weather disasters; (4) building mental health support security in the context of climate change; (5) vector-borne disease resilience; (6) building food security in the context of climate change; and (7) public education and conversations of climate change. This report summarizes the workshop findings and provides a template for future research at the intersection of climate and health, including but not limited to establishing multi-sector and interdisciplinary working groups with clear objectives, enhancing knowledge and understanding of key issues, as well as acting collaboratively and engaging with stakeholders to build resilience in rural mountain environments to address the effects of climate change on human health.

Rural environment is suffering from serious problems, as reflected in the term “Empty Spain”. One of these problems is the pronounced depopulation that rural areas suffer in our time, so creating links with the land thanks to education is of great interest for, among other things, establishing population in rural areas. Interdisciplinary education becomes relevant today as the necessary education in our current world capable of providing answers and solutions to the social demands of our time. Interdisciplinary STEM education had the United States of America as its cradle in the 1990s; later it passed to the acronym STEAM when the Arts were later introduced, this is how you find a true interdisciplinary education. Since 2010, government policies have been developed in the USA, highlighting the Educate to Innovate program and in that same country the STEM4SD Education program, which develops education for sustainability by creating links with the local population. Precisely, this article will collect the educational policies that have been carried out in the USA for the development of this type of education. In this article and thanks to the analysis of certain programs, the importance of interdisciplinary STEM and STEAM education in our days will be exposed for the promotion of sustainability directed towards sustainable development, thereby creating more sustainable societies made up of more sustainable citizens, highlighting the importance of education for sustainability through STEM and STEAM education creating links with the land for the improvement of the rural world, which means establishing population, among other aspects.

Rural revitalization denotes the gathering of large populations in rural areas and the subsequent gradual urbanization. Rural environments have been deteriorated by heavy metals (HMs) over the last few years. Without the existence of large-scale industries, the accumulation of HMs in sediments due to population aggregation in rural environments needs to be scientifically confirmed. Therefore, in this study we first understand the sediment pollution in rural environments in China and across the globe, and subsequently investigate HMs in sediments in rural micro water. The study area, Sichuan Province, China, was divided into two areas, namely, sparsely populated areas (SPA) and densely populated areas (DPA). Eight typical HMs (As, Zn, Ni, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb) were selected to target in riverine sediments, and the content and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results indicate that As, Hg, Cd, and Pb concentrations in sediments were higher than background values (BVs), with high concentration sample sites located in the DPA. In addition, the geo-accumulation index (I geo ), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to quantitatively evaluate the pollution characteristics of HMs in sediments, revealing that the sediments exhibited high As and Hg pollution in the DPA (PLI = 1.09). In general, mild (RI = 48.76) and moderate (RI = 154.92) HM pollution was observed in the sediments of the SPA and DPA, respectively, based on the high PLI (> 1.0) and RI (> 150) values. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that the Cd in the sediment generally originated from geogenic sources, while the other elements (Zn, As, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) were primarily linked to anthropogenic sources. Finally, the results demonstrate that population aggregation will lead to the enrichment of HMs.

Studies on air quality in rural environments are fundamental to obtain first-hand data for the determination of base emissions of air pollutants, to assess the impact of rural-specific airborne pollutants, to model pollutant dispersion, and to develop proper pollution mitigation technologies. The literature lacks a systematic review based on the evaluation of the techniques and methods used for the sampling/monitoring (S/M) of atmospheric pollutants in rural and agricultural settings, which highlights the shortcomings in this field and the need for future studies. This work aims to review the study design applied for on-field monitoring campaigns of airborne pollutants in rural environments and discuss the possible needs and future developments in this field. The results of this literature review, based on the revision of 23 scientific papers, allowed us to determine (i) the basic characteristics related to the study design that should always be reported; (ii) the main techniques and analyses used in exposure assessment studies conducted in this type of setting; and (iii) contextual parameters and descriptors of the S/M site that should be considered to best support the results obtained from the different studies. Future studies carried out to monitor the airborne pollution in rural/agriculture areas should (i) include the use of multiparametric monitors for the contextual measurement of different atmospheric pollutants (as well as meteorological parameters) and (ii) consider the most important boundary information, to better characterize the S/M site.

With deepening of rural revitalization strategy, rural infrastructure construction plays an important role in local economic development and living environment governance. Based on the mediation model, this paper takes case study of 285 cities in China from 2017 to 2022 as samples, constructs the explanatory variable, the explained variable and the mediator variable by entropy method, empirically analyzes the impact of rural infrastructure construction on rural living environment governance and rural economic development, as well as the mediation role played by rural living environment governance. It is found that there is a significant positive impact between rural infrastructure construction and rural economic development, and rural infrastructure construction can promote economic development through rural living environment governance. Further analysis show that the impact of rural infrastructure construction on rural economic development presents heterogeneity, and the impacts of rural infrastructure construction on local economic development and on local economic development through living environment governance in the eastern and central China is stronger than that in the western China. After controlling a series of variables related to rural infrastructure construction, and performing endogeneity tests and robustness tests such as tail-shrinkage regression and principal component analysis, the regression results are still robust. This paper firstly provides scientific empirical evidence for the hypothesis that rural infrastructure construction promotes local economic development through rural living environment governance, and secondly confirms the necessity of strengthening rural infrastructure construction in China to promote rural revitalization, providing a policy basis for scientific decision-making, and finally finds an important way out to solve the problem of unbalanced economic development in rural areas to some extent.

BackgroundThere is a diverse aetiology of the cervical adenopathy, the prompt clinic approach being different depending on the distinction between benignant/malignant.Material and Method Case 1- boy, 5 years old, from rural environment with lateral cervical right adenopathy of 34/15 mm. IgM and IgG Toxoplasma Gondii antibodies are detected, in high level and IgG test of avidity with low index which plead for an acute form of lymphadenitis toxoplasmosis. Case 2- boy, 17 years old, with lateral cervical adenopathy of 36/22 mm, rough, mobilizable, non-adherent to deep layers, 3 months persistent. Serologically, high levels of titrates of ASLO and high values for IgG VCA CMV which guides initially to an infectious aetiology. The lymph nodes echography highlights the Solbiati index (L/T)=0,87, intranodal calcifications and the absence of the hilar echogenicity and raises the suspicion of malignancy, afterwards confirmed by the biopsy. The final diagnostic is of lymph nodes metastasis of the undifferentiated lymphoepithelial carcinoma. Case 3- girl, 8 years old, lateral cervical adenopathy of 33/22 mm. In addition, there is a papule at the girl’s neck occurred after 2 weeks since she was scratched by a cat. The high level of Bartonella Henselae titre, the context and the chronology of the lesions – scratch – papule of inoculation, adenopathy guides to Scratch cat disease. Case 4 – girl, 11 years old, lymph nodes mass of 25/28 mm persistent for 1 year, with local Celsian signs. TB skin test PPD 2U=15 mm Palmer III, the Quantiferon TB test positive. The biopsy culture is positive for BK, guiding the diagnostic to a specific bacillar adenopathy.ConclusionsThe complexity of the aetiology of the cervical adenopathy requires the quickest differentiation of the malignant aetiology from the benignant one. The sonography plays an extremely important part in detecting some characters of malignity, and the morpho-patological exam remains the gold standard in diagnosis.