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Using a religious studies methodology, this paper offers a detailed contextual mapping and a structural configuration of how collective violence is justified in Orthodox Christianity. The research design is explanatory, whereby the functional perspectives of doctrine, ethics and worship are all investigated and probed as phenomena of lived religion and orthopraxy. While predominantly initiatory and pedagogical, the paper also proposes a systematic platform for advanced research on this subject, by flagging contexts, themes and areas of inquiry that a researcher might examine in order to untangle the inner workings of the justification of violence in the mind of the Orthodox. Given the ongoing Russian War on Ukraine, relevant samples are drawn from this case.ContributionThis paper outlines the Orthodox Christian justification of violence from the perspectives of doctrine, ethics and ritual and identifies pivotal areas of ambiguity between orthodoxy and orthopraxy.

Objective: In this article, we show how agility and international experience influence the adjustment strat-egies that firms adopt when exposed to sanctions. We also assess how these strategies affect firms’ finan-cial performance.Research Design Methods: Quantitative; international e-survey, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI)method, structural equation modelling (SEM), linear regression, clustering; 610 middle-sized companies stud-ied from Poland, US and Germany, data gathered in 2023.Findings: The more agile and internationally experienced the firms, the more proactive measures they use toadapt to sanctions. Proactive adaptation strategies positively impact financial performance. Agility and inter-national experience are mutually reinforcing.Implications Recommendations: When exposed to the sanctions regime, proactive adaptation strategiesincrease the likelihood of firms’ survival. Meanwhile, agility and international experience reinforce proac-tivity. Therefore, firms should strengthen both these characteristics as they increase the likelihood of re-silience in the face of a crisis.Contribution Value Added: The article extends understanding of firms’ strategic behaviour in the face ofa sudden external change/crisis, such as the imposition of sanctions. It shows how intrinsic factors, in thiscase, agility and international experience, influence the adaptation choice. The results show that agile andinternationally experienced companies adopt proactive strategies towards sanctions, which has positivefinancial consequences. Agility and international expansion serve here as an effective and resilient way ofsurvival during external shocks, such as war.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the market reactions of the banking industry to the Russian–Ukraine war. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses an event study methodology, regression analyses and interaction effects to study the effect of the war on banks stock prices and analyze factors that explain the cumulative abnormal return. Findings First, this study finds a significant decline of almost 1.5% in return on the war date. Similar patterns were observed for all continents, but Europe had the most severe drop of about 4%. Second, after excluding the contemporaneous influence of the whole market using the market model, global bank equities returns fell by about 1% on the war date, indicating that bank stocks were more severely impacted by the war than the average stock market. Net-of-market return approach further reveals that bank stock prices decreased 1.4% more on the event day compared to the prewar market average. Third, the impacts of the war and sanctions were persistent when the war continued. Banks stocks were most hit in Europe, Asia and North America. Originality/value This paper pioneers the study of the effect of the Russia–Ukraine war on the banking industry. This paper also analyzes the reaction pattern of bank stocks before, during and after the war to explain the behavior and expectations of investors toward the war.

This article examines courage in the Ukraine War through direct, qualitative observation of soldiers in active combat. Existing research often conceptualises courage as an abstract, quantifiable trait, overlooking how it is displayed in routine battlefield behaviour. Drawing on real-time observations made during the ongoing Russian invasion; this exploratory study investigates how soldiers demonstrate courage through everyday risk-taking rather than exceptional heroic acts. The analysis shows that courage frequently emerges as a slightly increased willingness to accept danger while performing ordinary tasks, such as leaving trenches under fire or resisting the temptation to avoid combat duties. These findings suggest that battlefield courage is embedded in mundane decision-making rather than rare moments of dramatic action. The study advances a more grounded understanding of courage in contemporary warfare and highlights new avenues for research on combat behaviour and risk-taking.

Purpose This study aims to address the macroeconomic factors effect on the travel and leisure (T&L) industry throughout Europe within the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war that have started on 24 February 2022. Specifically, top tourist destinations are analysed, such as Spain, France, Italy and Portugal, as well as Europe in general. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts the panel regression approach based on the data that is provided on a daily basis, and it covers a period of nearly 14 months, starting on 24 February 2022 and ending on 15 April 2023. Findings The findings indicate that the European T&L sector is impacted by macroeconomic variables. Namely, the T&L sector is significantly impacted by interest rates, geopolitical risk, oil and gas, whereas inflation has a muted effect, indicating a comparatively lesser influence on the dynamics of the industry. This research contributes to existing literature by providing one of the first quantitative analyses of how macroeconomic factors impact the European T&L business in the context of a geopolitical conflict. Research limitations/implications A study of the Russian–Ukrainian war may be limited by a number of research constraints. The continuing nature of the conflict, the lack of communication between the parties and potential political prejudice are some of these difficulties. Any research on the Russo-Ukrainian war should be done with these limits in mind. Practical implications Macroeconomic variables play a significant role on the T&L sector development; therefore, when designing resilience strategies, they need to be accounted for. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to analyse how macroeconomic factors affected the European T&L business using a quantitative approach. The macroeconomic variables that were taken into account in this study included interest rates, inflation, oil and petrol prices, as well as the geopolitical risk index. 宏观经济因素对欧洲旅游和休闲业的影响：以俄乌战争为背景 摘要 目的 本研究探讨在 2022 年 2 月 24 日开始的俄乌战争对整个欧洲旅游和休闲 （T&L） 行业的宏观经济因素的影响。具体来说, 本文分析了著名旅游目的地, 例如西班牙, 法国, 义大利和葡萄牙, 以及整个欧洲。 方法 研究采用基于每天提供的数据的面板回归方法, 涵盖近 14 个月, 从 2022 年 2 月 24 日开始, 到 2023 年 4 月 15 日结束。 调查结果 我们的研究结果表明, 欧洲运输和物流行业受到宏观经济变数的影响。也就是说, 运输和物流行业受到利率、地缘政治风险、石油和天然气的严重影响, 而通货膨胀的影响则很温和。 研究局限性 对俄乌战争的研究可能受到许多研究限制的限制。冲突的持续性质、各方之间缺乏沟通以及潜在的政治偏见是其中一些困难。任何关于俄乌战争的研究都应该考虑到这些限制。 原创性 据我们所知, 这是首批使用定量方法分析宏观经济因素如何影响欧洲运输和物流业务的研究之一。本研究考虑的宏观经济变数包括利率、通货膨胀、石油和汽油价格, 以及地缘政治风险指数。 实际影响 宏观经济变数在运输和物流行业发展中起着重要作用, 因此, 在设计弹性策略时, 需要考虑它们。 El impacto de los factores macroeconómicos en el sector europeo de viajes y ocio: el contexto de la guerra ruso-ucraniana Resumen Finalidad La presente investigación aborda el efecto de los factores macroeconómicos en la industria de viajes y ocio (VyO) en toda Europa en el contexto de la guerra ruso-ucraniana que comenzó el 24 de febrero de 2022. En concreto, se analizan los principales destinos turísticos, como España, Francia, Italia y Portugal, así como Europa en general. Metodología El estudio adopta un enfoque de regresión de panel basado en datos diarios y cubre un período de casi 14 meses, del 24 de febrero de 2022 al 15 de abril de 2023. Resultados Nuestros resultados indican que el sector europeo de VyO se ve afectado por variables macroeconómicas. En concreto, el sector se ve significativamente afectado por los tipos de interés, el riesgo geopolítico, el petróleo y el gas, mientras que la inflación tiene un efecto moderado. Limitaciones de la investigación Un estudio de la guerra ruso-ucraniana puede verse limitado por una serie de restricciones a la investigación. La persistencia del conflicto, la falta de comunicación entre las partes y los posibles prejuicios políticos son algunas de estas dificultades. Cualquier investigación sobre la guerra ruso-ucraniana debe hacerse teniendo en cuenta estos límites. Implicaciones prácticas Las variables macroeconómicas desempeñan un papel importante en el desarrollo del sector de VyO, por lo que es necesario tenerlas en cuenta al diseñar estrategias de resiliencia. Originalidad Hasta donde sabemos, éste es uno de los primeros estudios que analiza cómo los factores macroeconómicos afectaron al negocio europeo de VyO utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo. Las variables macroeconómicas que se tuvieron en cuenta en este estudio fueron los tipos de interés, la inflación, los precios del petróleo y de la gasolina, así como el índice de riesgo geopolítico.

Following the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, millions of refugees have fled Ukraine for safety in neighbouring countries, including Poland. This movement of people has been facilitated by, and has produced, documentation that will have significant afterlives as evidence and memory. The records refugees have carried with them, the records they have made during flight, and the records created in their encounters with states and communities beyond their homeland, will be important in the prosecution of war crimes, the reconstruction of events, the reconstitution of communities and the protection of rights and entitlements. This article sets out the findings of a pilot study into the documentary experiences of Ukrainian refugees in Poland. Interviews conducted by and with Ukrainian refugees consider the removal of records, the documentation of the refugee experience, the documentary requirements of border crossings, and the informational requirements of life beyond the border. Although drawing on a limited study population, the research surfaces some significant issues related to the preservation of memory and culture, exclusionary and hostile government information systems, and research ethics. This article could help to inform archival solidarity with Ukraine; it underscores the need for trauma-informed archival research and practice; and finally suggests the need for a person-centered approach to this work.

The Russian–Ukraine war has had and will continue to impact global energy and food security; this will increase the pressure on low-income communities due to rising food costs, as some food was used for energy (i.e. cooking oil). In addition to that, rising energy demand, fuel price increases, the need for energy security, climate change, and means of lowering greenhouse gas emissions are significant considerations in all ethical discussions, particularly when considering the human right to food; there is a tension between the usage of land and availability of water and the human need for fuel, such as biofuel. Although biofuels have the potential to alleviate energy difficulties, producing and consuming such fuels raises social, economic, technological, environmental, and ethical concerns due to ethical aspects such as Rights, Duty, Virtue, Utilitarianism, and Sustainability. Furthermore, all participants bear an ethical responsibility to ensure that biofuels are produced and used appropriately, taking into account citizens’ rights to nourishment, well-being, and employment, the environmental sustainability of such fuels, as well as their capacity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the equitable distribution of such fuels’ costs and benefits. Using human food to produce biofuels has raised several issues since it may jeopardize the human right to enough sustenance for healthy living. In contrast, current biofuel production and use do not meet environmental sustainability requirements.

This paper examines the impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on the Germany public’s energy choices. Along with much of Europe, Germany was hit by Russia reducing and then cutting its gas supplies. Although alternative sources have been found, this exposes the vulnerability of Germany’s energy market to outside control. An online survey of 600 German consumers was conducted in August 2022. The results suggest that 70% of participants were concerned about the shortage of oil and natural gas supply after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and 60% were concerned about the shortage of electricity supply. The invasion led many participants to support maximizing the use of existing power plants, including nuclear and coal-fired power plants, as an alternative to dependency on Russian supplies. There was an increase in people supporting the expanded use of renewable energy as a solution to the crisis. States with nuclear power plants were seen as needing to reduce and decarbonize their natural gas and coal-fired power generation while advancing their energy mix. The results suggest that the Energiewende approach and objectives have broad public support.

The paper examines the data of qualitative interviews with female forced migrants from Ukraine, who came to Lithuania after the full-scale Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The paper analyses the narratives of war and migration to identify the main crises encountered by research participants, the ways in which the research participants construct themselves and coping strategies in the face of war-related crises. The crises that emerged during the interviews could be grouped into those experienced at the individual (emotional, psychological), family (separated families) and community (fragmented communities in the occupied territories, the longing for Ukraine while being in displacement) levels. The research participants constructed themselves as active agents capable of making decisions and taking actions necessary to minimise or control those crises.

The article examines the strategies of the Russian Federation’s influence on the youth of the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. The comparative analysis made it possible to determine the main differences in the Russian strategy of de-Ukrainization of the child population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, certain areas of Donbas and regions of Ukraine temporarily occupied by the armed forces of the Russian Federation in 2022. The approaches of the Russian military-political leadership and the occupation administrations controlled by them depended on the region, the length of its stay under the occupation, the intentions regarding the Ukrainian youth in the short-term and long-term perspectives: maintaining the level of loyalty to Russia and its regimes, forced mobilization, violent deportation, illegal adoption, etc.