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"Rusyns"
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With their backs to the mountains : a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns
\"This is a history of a stateless people, the Carpatho-Rusyns, and their historic homeland, Carpathian Rus', located in the heart of central Europe. At the present, when it is fashionable to speak of nationalities as 'imagined communities' or as transnational constructs 'created' by intellectuals\\elites who may live in the historic 'national' homeland or in the diaspora, Carpatho-Rusyns provide an ideal example of a people made--or some would say still being made--before our very eyes. The book traces the evolution of Carpathian Rus' from earliest pre-historic times to the present and the complex manner in which a distinct Carpatho-Rusyn people, since the mid-nineteenth century, came into being, disappeared, and then re-appeared in the wake of the revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of Communist rule in central and eastern Europe. The book, while based on the author's four decades of erudition on the subject, eschews scholarly jargon and is written in an accessible reader-friendly style\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
With Their Backs to the Mountains
With Their Backs to the Mountains is the history of a stateless people, the Carpatho-Rusyns, and their historic homeland, Carpathian Rus’, located in the heart of central Europe. A little over 100,000 Carpatho-Rusyns are registered in official censuses but their number could be as high as 1,000,000, the greater part living in Ukraine and Slovakia. The majority of the diaspora—nearly 600,000—lives in the US. At present, when it is fashionable to speak of nationalities as “imagined communities” created by intellectuals or elites who may or may not live in the historic homeland, Carpatho-Rusyns provide an ideal example of a people made—or some would say still being made—before our very eyes. The book traces the evolution of Carpathian Rus’ from earliest prehistoric times to the present, and the complex manner in which a distinct Carpatho-Rusyn people, since the mid-nineteenth century, came into being, disappeared, and then re-appeared in the wake of the revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of Communist rule in central and eastern Europe. To help guide the reader further there are 39 text inserts, 34 detailed maps, plus an annotated discussion of relevant books, chapters, and journal articles.
eBook
Between Past and Present: Exploring Cultural Participation and Identity among Carpatho-Rusyn Descendants
Cultural identity and participation play a critical role in understanding culture and its influence on different cultural groups. The Carpatho-Rusyns originate in the Carpathian Rus, which is in the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpatho-Rusyns are a stateless group, and many historically immigrated to other countries. This mixed-method study examines cultural participation and identity among Carpatho-Rusyn descendants (n = 51). Data collection comprised both open-ended and closed-ended survey questions. A link to the survey was shared in Facebook groups that relate to Carpatho-Rusyn culture, genealogy, and history. Closed-ended survey items were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while open-ended items were thematically coded. The findings indicate that most participants do not align with particular Carpatho-Rusyn groups, yet many still uphold cultural traditions, especially related to food and holidays. Qualitative insights emphasize the significance of cultural pride and distinction. Ultimately, this study highlights unique facets of Carpatho-Rusyn heritage and its lasting importance for descendants living in various countries, especially the United States. Finally, this paper concludes with practical implications that center on the importance of developing educational programs, community engagement strategies, and cultural awareness initiatives to preserve and promote the culture.
Journal Article
American Rusyns: the Slavic Motive of the American Cultural Landscape. The Experience of Discursive Description
The discursive practices of describing American Rusyns presented in the works of English-speaking researchers are considered. There are two types of descriptions of the discourse of American Rusyns: discursive-social descriptions and discursive-confessional descriptions. The English-language nominations of Rusyns are considered as elements of frontier semantics. The code of the Rusyn culture integrates with the hierarchically organized American system of communicative codes, forming the semiotics of the American cultural landscape. The American Orthodox discourse becomes part of the American frontier, within which a special language of contact of linguistic consciousnesses is created, which is the basis of a diversified American identity. Descriptions of Rusyns allow, on the one hand, to focus attention on how an ethnic group produces a place, on the other hand, to observe the features of the created metalanguage of the description of Rusyns, to determine how a place is produced with the help of linguistic activity.
Journal Article
Analysis and categorization of the Rusyn language using the whisper model: demographic influences on linguistic convergence
The article presents a detailed linguistic analysis of the Rusyn language, focusing on its complex and evolving features, such as pronunciation, as well as individual, regional, and historical variabilities. The investigation employed an artificial neural network based on the OpenAI Whisper model to perform analysis and categorization. Although the Whisper model was trained on data from the majority of state official languages, it was not specifically trained with samples of the Rusyn language due to its niche and minority/ethnic status. Consequently, speech samples in Rusyn were classified according to the most closely related available labels, allowing for the assessment of linguistic similarity between Rusyn and other (mostly) Slavic languages. The study incorporated a diverse user base segmented by gender, age, and geographic location (Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia), revealing significant resemblances to the dominant languages within these countries and demonstrating correlations between the computed linguistic similarity and the speakers’ age.
Journal Article
Straddling Borders
The Subcarpathian Rusyns are an east Slavic people who live along the southern slopes of the Carpathian mountains where the borders of Ukraine, Slovakia, and Poland meet. Through centuries of oppression under the Austro-Hungarian and Soviet empires, they have struggled to preserve their culture and identity. Rusyn literature, reflecting various national influences and written in several linguistic variants, has historically been a response to social conditions, an affirmation of identity, and a strategy to ensure national survival.
In this first English-language study of Rusyn literature, Elaine Rusinko looks at the literary history of Subcarpathia from the perspective of cultural studies and postcolonial theory, presenting Rusyn literature as a process of continual negotiation among states, religions, and languages, resulting in a characteristic hybridity that has made it difficult to classify Rusyn literature in traditional literary scholarship.
Rusinko traces Rusyn literature from its emergence in the sixteenth century, through the national awakening of the mid-nineteenth century and its struggle for survival under Hungarian oppression, to its renaissance in inter-war Czechoslovakia. She argues that Rusyn literature provides an acute illustration of the constructedness of national identity, and has prefigured international postmodern culture with its emphasis on border-crossings, intersecting influences, and liminal spaces. With extracts from Rusyn texts never before available in English, Rusinko's study creates an entirely new perspective on Rusyn literature that rescues it from the clichés of Soviet dominated critical theory and makes an important contribution to Slavic studies in particular and post-colonial critical studies in general.
eBook
Morphophonemic variability, productivity, and change : the case of Rusyn
This volume presents an empirical investigation of processes associated with morphophenomic variability, productivity and change. The author examines the use of two or more morphophenomic alternations in Rusyn, a Slavic minority language.
eBook
A robust approach to variation in Carpathian Rusyn: Resampling-based methods for small data sets
Quantitative, corpus based research on spontaneous spoken Carpathian Rusyn language can cause several data-related problems: Speakers are using ambivalent forms in different quantities, resulting in a biased data set - while a stricter data-cleaning process would lead to a large scale data loss. On top of that, polytomous categorical dependent variables are hard to analyze due to methodological limitations. This paper provides several approaches to face unbalanced and biased data sets containing variation of conjugational forms of the verb maty 'to have' and (po-)znaty 'to know' in Carpathian Rusyn language. Using resampling based methods like Cross-Validation, Bootstrapping and Random Forests, we provide a strategy for circumventing possible methodological pitfalls and gaining the most information from our precious data, without trying to p-hack the results. Calculating the predictive power of several sociolinguistic factors on linguistic variation, we can make valid statements about the (sociolinguistic) status of Rusyn and the stability of the old dialect continuum of Rusyn varieties.
Journal Article
THE DISCOVERY OF THE PEOPLE’S SOUL“. EAST EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC MINORITIES BETWEEN DEFENCE OF IDENTITY AND SEPARATISM. THE EXAMPLE OF THE CARPATHO RUSYNS / „DIE ENTDECKUNG DER VOLKSSELLE“: OSTEUROPÄISCHE SPRACHMINDERHEITEN ZWISCHEN IDENTITÄTSPFLEGE UND SE
In spite of unfriendly remarks about provincialism and warnings of possible separatism attachment to Europe’s historical regions is rising, as the Catalan or Scottish examples show. A lesser known regionalist issue is the Rusyn/Ruthenian one in the Carpathian border region. While their situation regarding minority rights is quite favourable in Northern Serbia/Vojvodina, their demands to have their ethnicity and language recognized by the Ukrainian state were more than once ignored. The reason often mentioned in similiar cases is fear of separatism. The Rusyns‘ struggle with identity, the difficult task of keeping their language and culture alive in complex political circumstances, namely the present Ukrainian-Russian crisis, is being described in this article and compared to similar regional cases.
Journal Article