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Some studies using either objective or subjective indicators, find that self-employed individuals are less likely to be or to report being skill-mismatched in comparison with salaried employees. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the transition from salaried employment to self-employment on self-reported skill mismatches. To do so, this article uses eight waves of the European Community Household Panel covering the period 1994–2001. The panel data nature of this rich dataset, allows us to track individuals over time and measure self-reported skill-mismatches before and after the transition for the same individuals, using as the comparison group those individuals who remain in salaried employment during the whole sample period. Our empirical findings indicate that those individuals who transit from salaried employment to self-employment reduce their probability to report being skill-mismatched after the transition. Interestingly, we also observe that this effect vanish if the transition is done from an unemployment status, and that the effect is quite heterogenous across countries.

Contents: The conceptual framework -- Educational outcomes and their impact on labor market outcomes -- Employment outcomes and links to the broader economic context -- Conclusion : how education can improve labor market outcomes.

Cet article revient sur les travaux abordant le clivage public-privé à l’échelle européenne, dans les années 1990-2000, en concentrant l’attention sur quatre pays : l’Allemagne, la France, la Grande-Bretagne et la Suède. Au-delà des spécificités juridiques et historiques propres à chacun de ces pays, l’objectif ici est de mettre en lumière les différentes façons de prendre en compte l’importance du secteur d’emploi dans l’analyse des hiérarchies sociales. Dans de nombreuses recherches menées à un niveau national, l’opposition entre secteurs public et privé est une dimension importante qui gagne à être articulée à une analyse en termes de classes sociales. En dépit des réformes managériales des États en Europe, le fait de travailler au service de la collectivité induit encore aujourd’hui un ensemble de spécificités : un rapport particulier à l’État, à l’intérêt général ou encore à la chose publique, perceptible dans des pratiques culturelles, syndicales et politiques. Differences between public and private sectors employees following the managerial turn in European states This article reviews research on the public-private divide at the European level in the years from 1990-2000, focusing on four countries: Germany, France, Great Britain and Sweden. Looking beyond the legal and historical characteristics of each of these countries, the objective here is to highlight the different ways to account for the importance of the salaried employment sector in the analysis of social hierarchies. In many studies conducted at the national level, the opposition between the public and private sectors is a significant dimension that benefits from being connected to an analysis in terms of social hierarchy. Despite the managerial reforms of European states, working in the public sector still creates a set of specific characteristics: a particular relationship with the state and the general interest, and even with public affairs, perceptible in cultural, trades union and political practices.

Bolivia's informal economic sector is the largest in Latin America and has been attributed to many factors including the burden of regulations, the weakness of public institutions, and the lack of perceived benefits to formality. 'Increasing Formality and Productivity of Bolivian Firms' presents fresh qualitative and quantitative analyses to help understand the reasons why firms are informal and the impact of formalization on their profitability, in order to better inform appropriate policies. A crucial finding of the study is that the impact of tax registration on profitability depends on firm size and the ability to issue tax receipts. The smallest and largest firms have lower profits as a result of tax registration because their cost of formalizing exceeds benefits. The study concludes by recommending policy priorities to increase the benefits of formalization through information, training, access to credit and markets, and business support. Longer-term policy recommendations include simplifying formalization, regulatory, and taxation procedures and reducing their costs, as well as measures to boost the productivity of small and micro firms.

Les journalistes constituent un groupe professionnel salarié tout en revendiquant, au nom de leur contribution à la démocratie, une autonomie d’exercice dans leur activité de travail. Pour résoudre cette ambivalence, les journalistes ont demandé à participer à la définition de la ligne éditoriale et des orientations stratégiques de leurs entreprises. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment des dispositifs de participation peuvent être utilisés par ces salariés pour dépasser leur condition même de salariés, en leur donnant une prise sur leur travail et sur leurs entreprises de manière à garantir leur indépendance. Le relatif échec de ces dispositifs dans les entreprises productrices d’information souligne les contradictions du salariat indépendant. Journalists form a salaried professional group while — on the grounds of their contribution to democracy — demanding autonomy in their daily activities. In order to resolve this ambivalence, journalists asked to be involved in defining the editorial stance and strategic priorities of their companies. The aim of this article is to show how participatory processes can be used by these employees to go beyond the very conditions of their employee status, by giving them control over their work and their companies to guarantee their independence. The relative failure of these participatory processes in information producing companies highlights the contradictions of independent salaried employee status.

Sri Lanka has long been regarded as a model of a successful welfare state in a low-income setting, yet it has not succeeded in creating a sufficient number of \"good jobs\" for the increasing number of young people. Hence, young Sri Lankans perceive their country as an unjust and unequal society, in which mainstream institutions have failed to address inequalities in the distribution of resources, as well as of benefits deriving from economic growth. Against this background, 'The Challenge of Youth Employment in Sri Lanka' aims to identify ways to improve the opportunities available to new job market entrants by addressing existing inequalities and to help young people more fully realize their potentials. Drawing from original research and a review of existing studies, the authors use the \"4Es\" conceptual framework to analyze four key aspects of labor markets—employment creation, employability, entrepreneurship, and equal opportunity—identifying main issues and results, current trends, and possible new approaches.

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. To provide inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Bangladesh. The study provides a background discussion of poverty, reform, and growth in Bangladesh, followed by an overview of the labor market: demographies, the institutional structure of the labor market, and the labor market indicators. A poverty profile of the labor market is developed, including a discussion of the income sources and a decomposition of poverty reduction and growth. Other issues discussed include rural versus urban conditions; men, women, and children in the labor market; self-employment and household employment; and socioeconomic inequalities.

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. With the objective of providing inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Madagascar using data from the national accounts and household surveys from the years 1999, 2001, and 2005, a period characterized among others by a short but severe crisis which started at the end of 2001 and the subsequent economic rebound. This report is part of a series of studies conducted in the context of the World Bank’s research framework aiming to improve the understanding of the linkages among growth, labor, and poverty reduction.

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of labor markets, employment, and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. To provide inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Nicaragua using data for 2001 and 2005. To do so, the study discusses macroeconomic growth and the labor market in Nicaragua, presenting sectoral employment and productivity profiles. A poverty profile of the labor market is developed, with an examination of the income sources and a decomposition of poverty reduction. Other topics include labor regulation, segmentation, and barriers to mobility.This report is part of a series of the studies conducted in the context of the World Bank’s research framework aiming to improve the understanding of the linkages among growth, labor, and poverty reduction.

This book is about Magda and Jacek and millions of others like them, who earn a living working full- or part-time in Europe's untaxed markets for goods, services, and labor. Magda was certified as a hairdresser years ago, and she's very proud of the salon apprenticeship she did shortly after. She learned a lot and made good friends but was never fully comfortable working for somebody else. Jacek's clients pay him in cash, and he pays his men in cash as well. He sometimes needs to show a license to get the trade price on parts and materials. But he can keep it up-to-date by declaring only part of what he actually earns to the tax office. This book ventures a general conclusion about what policy makers can do to bring more economic activity in from the shadow: Although it may be necessary to improve the structural incentives created by taxation, social protection policies, and labor market regulation, doing so is not sufficient for substantive improvement to be achieved. To back up this general conclusion, the book presents a large body of evidence indicating that much more than the fairly mechanical incentive structures of taxation, social policy, and labor market regulation is at work in shaping the circumstances that lead people into the shadowy unregulated and untaxed markets for goods, services, and labor.