Explore the vast range of titles available.

What happens if an employer cuts wages by one cent? Much of labor economics is built on the assumption that all the workers will quit immediately. Here, Alan Manning mounts a systematic challenge to the standard model of perfect competition.Monopsony in Motionstands apart by analyzing labor markets from the real-world perspective that employers have significant market (or monopsony) power over their workers. Arguing that this power derives from frictions in the labor market that make it time-consuming and costly for workers to change jobs, Manning re-examines much of labor economics based on this alternative and equally plausible assumption. The book addresses the theoretical implications of monopsony and presents a wealth of empirical evidence. Our understanding of the distribution of wages, unemployment, and human capital can all be improved by recognizing that employers have some monopsony power over their workers. Also considered are policy issues including the minimum wage, equal pay legislation, and caps on working hours. In a monopsonistic labor market, concludes Manning, the \"free\" market can no longer be sustained as an ideal and labor economists need to be more open-minded in their evaluation of labor market policies.Monopsony in Motionwill represent for some a new fundamental text in the advanced study of labor economics, and for others, an invaluable alternative perspective that henceforth must be taken into account in any serious consideration of the subject.

The U.S. took in more than a million immigrants per year in the late 1990s, more than at any other time in history. For humanitarian and many other reasons, this may be good news. But as George Borjas shows inHeaven's Door, it's decidedly mixed news for the American economy--and positively bad news for the country's poorest citizens. Widely regarded as the country's leading immigration economist, Borjas presents the most comprehensive, accessible, and up-to-date account yet of the economic impact of recent immigration on America. He reveals that the benefits of immigration have been greatly exaggerated and that, if we allow immigration to continue unabated and unmodified, we are supporting an astonishing transfer of wealth from the poorest people in the country, who are disproportionately minorities, to the richest. In the course of the book, Borjas carefully analyzes immigrants' skills, national origins, welfare use, economic mobility, and impact on the labor market, and he makes groundbreaking use of new data to trace current trends in ethnic segregation. He also evaluates the implications of the evidence for the type of immigration policy the that U.S. should pursue. Some of his findings are dramatic: Despite estimates that range into hundreds of billions of dollars, net annual gains from immigration are only about $8 billion. In dragging down wages, immigration currently shifts about $160 billion per year from workers to employers and users of immigrants' services. Immigrants today are less skilled than their predecessors, more likely to re-quire public assistance, and far more likely to have children who remain in poor, segregated communities. Borjas considers the moral arguments against restricting immigration and writes eloquently about his own past as an immigrant from Cuba. But he concludes that in the current economic climate--which is less conducive to mass immigration of unskilled labor than past eras--it would be fair and wise to return immigration to the levels of the 1970s (roughly 500,000 per year) and institute policies to favor more skilled immigrants.

High-technology industries are seen as important in helping urban economies thrive, but at the same time they are often considered potential drivers of relative poverty and social exclusion. Little research, however, has assessed how high-tech affects urban poverty and the wages of workers with little formal education. This article addresses this gap in the literature and investigates the relationships among employment in high-tech industries, poverty, and the labor market for non-degree-educated workers using a panel of 295 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States between 2005 and 2011. The results show no real impact of the presence of high-technology industries on poverty and, especially, extreme poverty. Yet there is strong evidence that tech employment increases wages for non-degree-educated workers and, to a lesser extent, employment for those without degrees. These findings suggest that although tech employment has some role in improving welfare for non-degree-educated workers, tech employment alone is not enough to reduce poverty.

This work provides a literature review of the research which dealt with the analysis of living standards in 18th-century Spain. At the same time, possible fields of research are suggested for the future. The text focuses on three types of indicators: material well-being and economic inequality (GDP per capita, real wages and Gini index), bio-nutritional (average height) and demographic (mortality and life expectancy) indicators. The available evidence points to a slightly positive balance in terms of material well-being, nuanced by an increase in economic inequality in the second half of the century, a drop in net nutritional status among those born in the final decades of the century, and a drop in mortality rates in the second half of the century, which was determined by a decline in ordinary and adult mortality. 

This paper concerned is how the Trump administration treats Mexico as Testing Ground in term of trade and immigration two major subjects on which the US president promised a radical policy shift. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the announcement of the new immigration law known as the Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment (RAISE) and the immigration policy as a whole are the reflection of racism and white supremacy of the Trump administration. the current account deficit between Mexico and the United States has been used as an anchor for the immigration policy. We will also analyze the realistic theory of international relations, according to which, power is at the center of all types of freed trade agreements. We point to these following structural problems (i); the racism and white-nationalism in the Trump administration, (ii) the causes and consequences of power and the degree of exploitation in the trade relationship between Unites States and Mexico, (iii); the Trade deficit reduction of US with NAFTA partners is not a reflect of Fair Play in a World Trade and therefore is unsustainable in the long term, and (iv); The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the first quarter of 2019 (3.2 percent) of the United States is not the measure of the economy or import tariff, it is a result of a big corporate tax cut which necessarily mean a higher corporate benefits.

Minimum wages exist in more than one hundred countries, both industrialized and developing. The United States passed a federal minimum wage law in 1938 and has increased the minimum wage and its coverage at irregular intervals ever since; in addition, as of the beginning of 2008, thirty-two states and the District of Columbia had established a minimum wage higher than the federal level, and numerous other local jurisdictions had in place \"living wage\" laws. Over the years, the minimum wage has been popular with the public, controversial in the political arena, and the subject of vigorous debate among economists over its costs and benefits. In this book, David Neumark and William Wascher offer a comprehensive overview of the evidence on the economic effects of minimum wages. Synthesizing nearly two decades of their own research and reviewing other research that touches on the same questions, Neumark and Wascher discuss the effects of minimum wages on employment and hours, the acquisition of skills, the wage and income distributions, longer-term labor market outcomes, prices, and the aggregate economy. Arguing that the usual focus on employment effects is too limiting, they present a broader, empirically based inquiry that will better inform policymakers about the costs and benefits of the minimum wage. Based on their comprehensive reading of the evidence, Neumark and Wascher argue that minimum wages do not achieve the main goals set forth by their supporters. They reduce employment opportunities for less-skilled workers and tend to reduce their earnings; they are not an effective means of reducing poverty; and they appear to have adverse longer-term effects on wages and earnings, in part by reducing the acquisition of human capital. The authors argue that policymakers should instead look for other tools to raise the wages of low-skill workers and to provide poor families with an acceptable standard of living.

En este manuscrito, los autores evalúan empíricamente el impacto de un aumento del salario por trabajador en el PIB per capita de las regiones italianas. Para lograr este objetivo de investigación, los autores realizan un análisis de regresión de datos de panel, basándose en una estrategia de identificación basada en el modelo neoclásico estándar de crecimiento económico. Los resultados de los autores sugieren que, en promedio, el efecto sobre la producción de un aumento en el salario por trabajador es positivo, con una diferencia sustancial entre las regiones Norte y Centro-Sur. La consecuencia política de los autores es que la moderación salarial no representa un remedio al estancamiento económico que las regiones italianas han experimentado desde la segunda mitad de los años noventa.

Este breve ensayo hace una reflexión acerca de la definición de la ganancia de los capitalistas y la relación con la oferta y la demanda, así como el trabajo y los trabajadores. Ésta se genera gracias a la fuerza productiva del trabajo. Asimismo, estudia el vínculo con la remuneración de los trabajadores y hace una importante distinción entre salarios y costo de trabajo, también explica los criterios para determinar cada uno.

We decompose the Chilean labor force according to a sex, age and schooling classification, to analyze the dynamics of these groups and its associated wage structure Using data for the period 1965-2005, we find degrees of substitution and complementariness among types of workers. We find important changes in the labor force composition and in wage structure. In particular, we found a strong sensitivity of male wages to a resetting of the labor force, and a strong substitution between young men and women with high level of education. The results allow us to project the wage structure for the near future, expecting a reduction in the returns of high education and also a fall in gender wage gap.// Este artículo descompone la fuerza de trabajo chilena de acuerdo con una clasificación por grupos de género, edad y escolaridad. Usando datos del periodo 1965-2005, determinamos grados de sustitución y complementariedad entre diferentes grupos de trabajadores. Encontramos grandes cambios en la composición de la oferta laboral, una importante reestructuración de los salarios y logramos establecer relaciones funcionales entre tipos de trabajadores. En particular, hallamos que existe una mayor sensibilidad de los salarios de los hombres a una recomposición de la fuerza laboral y una gran relación de sustitución entre hombres y mujeres jóvenes con alta escolaridad. Los resultados permiten proyectar la estructura salarial frente a una recomposición de la oferta laboral, la que sugiere una disminución de los rendimientos a la educación superior y una reducción de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres.

Introduction/objectives: emotional salary comprises non-monetary compensations that influence employees motivation, job satisfaction, performance, and well-being. The aim of this study was to validate the Emotional Salary Insertion Scale. Methodology: an instrumental study was conducted with a sample of 566 employees from the city of Arequipa (53% men and 47% women), with a mean age of 28.30 years. The Emotional Salary Insertion Instrument was administered, and analyses were performed using R software, applying Unique Variable Analysis (UVA), Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA), and a bootstrap procedure with 1,000 resamples to assess the stability of items and dimensions. Results: responses were concentrated at moderate to high levels. The EGA identified a 12 item structure grouped into three dimensions: Work Relationships, Growth and Cohesion, and Work Flexibility, which showed adequate stability, structural consistency, and metric invariance across gender. Conclusions: the instrument demonstrated adequate internal structure validity and structural consistency (reliability), supporting its use as a brief and valid measure for the Peruvian context. RESUMEN: Introducción/objetivo: el salario emocional comprende compensaciones no remuneratorias que influyen en la motivación, la satisfacción laboral, el desempeño y el bienestar de los colaboradores. Este estudio tiene como objetivo validar la escala de inserción al salario emocional. Metodología: se realizó un estudio instrumental con una muestra de 566 colaboradores de la ciudad de Arequipa (53 % varones y 47 % mujeres), con una edad media de 28-30 años. Se aplicó el instrumento de inserción al salario emocional y los análisis se efectuaron mediante el software R, empleando la unique variable analysis (UVA), el análisis exploratorio de grafos (EGA) y un bootstrap de 1000 muestreos para evaluar la estabilidad de los ítems y las dimensiones. Resultados: las respuestas se concentraron en niveles moderados y altos. El EGA identificó una estructura de 12 ítems agrupados en tres dimensiones: relaciones laborales, crecimiento y cohesión, y flexibilidad laboral, las cuales mostraron adecuada estabilidad, consistencia estructural e invarianza métrica por género. Conclusiones: el instrumento mostró una validez de estructura interna y una consistencia estructural (confiabilidad) adecuadas. Los resultados permiten medir de manera breve y válida el contexto peruano. Emotional Salary Insertion Scale: Validation using Unique Variable Analysis and Exploratory Graph Analysis