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Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies utilizing a variety of carriers have resulted in a path-breaking revolution in the approach towards diagnosis and therapy alike in the current times. Need for materials with high thermal, chemical and mechanical properties have led to the development of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). These ordered porous materials have garnered immense attention as drug carriers owing to their distinctive features over the others. They can be synthesized using a relatively simple process, thus making it cost effective. Moreover, by controlling the parameters during the synthesis; the morphology, pore size and volume and particle size can be transformed accordingly. Over the last few years, a rapid increase in research on MSNs as drug carriers for the treatment of various diseases has been observed indicating its potential benefits in drug delivery. Their widespread application for the loading of small molecules as well as macromolecules such as proteins, siRNA and so forth, has made it a versatile carrier. In the recent times, researchers have sorted to several modifications in the framework of MSNs to explore its potential in drug resistant chemotherapy, antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis of these multitalented nanoparticles and the factors influencing the size and morphology of this wonder carrier. The second part of this review emphasizes on the applications and the advances made in the MSNs to broaden the spectrum of its use especially in the field of biomedicine. We have also touched upon the lacunae in the thorough understanding of its interaction with a biological system which poses a major hurdle in the passage of this carrier to the clinical level. In the final part of this review, we have discussed some of the major patents filed in the field of MSNs for therapeutic purpose.

An inorganic-organic hybrid fluorescence chemosensor (DA/SBA-15) was prepared by covalent immobilization of a dansylamide derivative into the channels of mesoporous silica material SBA-15 via (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) groups. The primary hexagonally ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was preserved after the grafting procedure. Fluorescence characterization shows that the obtained inorganic-organic hybrid composite is highly selective and sensitive to Hg(2+) detection, suggesting the possibility for real-time qualitative or quantitative detection of Hg(2+) and the convenience for potential application in toxicology and environmental science.

This study deals with the synthesis and characterization of a series of hybrid photocatalysts consisting of different loadings of TiO2, Cd, and Fe on mesoporous SBA-15 material. The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tested for the removal of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. The results showed that uncalcined 10% Cd-SBA-15 catalyst exhibited the best photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation of the imidacloprid was carried out in a batch photoreactor at different pH values, and in the presence or absence of additional compounds such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The best degradation results were achieved at a pH value of 6.5 with 10% Cd/SBA-15. The degradation performance increased with the addition of PMS and PDS. Based on the results of the experimental measurements, Cd/SBA-15 is a good candidate that can show a reasonable degradation efficiency and reactivity, especially in the presence of PDS or PMS.

This work reports the preparation, characterization, and application of silver salt derivatives of HPW (Ag x HPW) in ethanol dehydration. The materials were fully characterized by elemental EDXRF analysis, XRD, SAXS, SEM, FT-IR, 31 P MAS NMR, thermal analysis (TG/DTG), N 2 sorption at low temperature (− 196 °C), and pyridine adsorption acidity. The results of the characterization demonstrated that the Keggin structure was preserved in all the synthesized materials. Using the ethanol dehydration model reaction, it was possible to select the most active catalyst in the series: Ag 2 HPW. Activation of this salt at 200 and 300 °C revealed that the degree of hydration is an important parameter for catalytic activity. In addition, a dependence on the BET specific surface area was detected for both conversion and selectivity towards ethylene in the salt series. The conversion of ethanol was significantly enhanced after loading 20 wt.% of Ag 2 HPW onto ordered mesoporous silica type SBA-15. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the best catalyst (20%Ag 2 HPW/SBA-15, calcined at 300 °C) achieved complete ethanol conversion with about 100% selectivity towards ethylene at a temperature of 400 °C. Graphical abstract

Mesoporous silica SBA-15 has emerged as a promising adsorbent and separation material due to its unique structural and physicochemical properties. To further enhance its performance, various surface modification strategies, including metal oxide and noble metal incorporation for improved catalytic activity and stability, organic functionalization with amino and thiol groups for enhanced adsorption capacity and selectivity, and inorganic–organic composite modification for synergistic effects, have been extensively explored. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the surface modification of SBA-15 for adsorption and separation applications. The synthesis methods, structural properties, and advantages of SBA-15 are discussed, followed by a detailed analysis of the different modification strategies and their structure–performance relationships. The adsorption and separation performance of functionalized SBA-15 materials in the removal of organic pollutants, heavy metal ions, gases, and biomolecules, as well as in chromatographic and solid–liquid separation, is critically evaluated. Despite the significant progress, challenges and opportunities for future research are identified, including the development of low-cost and sustainable synthesis routes, rational design of SBA-15-based materials with tailored properties, and integration into practical applications. This review aims to guide future research efforts in developing advanced SBA-15-based materials for sustainable environmental and industrial applications, with an emphasis on green and scalable modification strategies.

Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using Clitoria ternatea plant extract and confined onto mesoporous SBA-15, functionalized with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane followed by tris (2-amino ethyl) amine (SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA). The sequential grafting of TAEA, GPTMS, and confinement of Ag NPs on the mesoporous SBA-15 was verified by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, TEM-EDX, XRD, SAXRD, BET, TGA, 29 Si NMR, and 13 C MAS NMR analysis. HR-TEM analysis revealed that the mean diameter of green synthesized Ag NPs is 6–8 nm and the successful confinement of Ag NPs inside the pores of SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA. The synthesized SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA-Ag was used are a carrier for binding ciprofloxacin and the controlled drug release of ciprofloxacin was monitored on a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. In Vitro, the loading and release of Ciprofloxacin were found to be 19.8% and 98.14% of the loaded Ciprofloxacin. The kinetic models deducted from the release study demonstrated that SBA-15/GPTMS-TAEA-Ag is a potential carrier for the controlled release of Ciprofloxacin.

Chemoselective catalytic oxidation of olefin derivatives containing alcoholic and olefinic groups is important in organic synthesis. In the present study, Co–Salen immobilized on SBA-15 was synthesized and characterized to study its chemoselective catalytic activity towards the oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde, with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant at 60, 70 and 80 ºC. Cinnamyl alcohol selectively yielded cinnamaldehyde at the reactant ratio of cinnamyl alcohol tert-butyl hydroperoxide equal to 1:0.5. Cinnamaldehyde selectively yielded 2,3-epoxy-cinnamaldehyde at the ratio of cinnamaldehyde tert-butyl hydroperoxide equal to 1:0.5. The catalyst yielded epoxide with many styrene derivatives and benzaldehyde with benzyl alcohol, but only cinnamaldehyde with cinnamyl alcohol, thus proving its applicability for chemoselective catalytic oxidation of olefin derivatives. The cinnamaldehyde conversion and selectivity to 2,3-epoxy-cinnamaldehyde increased with the increase in the content of tert-butyl hydroperoxide. So, this study establishes that the catalyst can be applied to selective oxidation of primary alcoholic function without affecting olefinic double bonds. The conversion was maximum at 70 ºC. The conversion and product selectivity remained the same for 5 cycles thus endorsing stability of the catalysts. Based on the activity and selectivity of the catalysts, it is inferred that the same catalyst can be exploited for selective oxidation of multifunctional olefin derivatives. Graphic Abstract

The results of a study on the epoxidation of 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (CDT) on a W-SBA-15 catalyst using the batch and half-periodic methods are presented. During this study, the activity of the W-SBA-15 catalyst was compared to that of the Ti-SBA-15 catalyst, and the W-SBA-15 catalyst was found to be about 20 times more active than the Ti-SBA-15 catalyst. The highest CDT conversion so far, amounting to 86 mol%, was obtained after carrying out the 4 h epoxidation process. Conducting the studied process using the semi-batch method did not result in the significant improvement in value functions describing this process (CDT conversion and selectivity of CDT transformation to ECDD), but the fastest H2O2 dosing rate (246 µL/h) allowed us to obtain 9 mol% higher CDT conversion in comparison to the batch method.

The adsorption and activation of both CO2 and methanol are mainly affected by the distance of the Lewis acid site, Zr4+, and Lewis base, Zr4+/O2−, of the Zr-based catalysts. In this paper, Zr-incorporated SBA-15 (Zr-SBA-15) and Zr-grafted SBA-15 (Zr/SBA-15) catalysts were prepared with different Zr environments, and were analyzed with N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectra, and XPS. It was proposed that Zr-SBA-15 catalyst with Si-O-Zr-OH and Zr-O-Si-OH structure exhibited non-adjacent sites between Zr4+ and Zr4+/O2−, while Zr/SBA-15 catalyst with Zr-O-Zr-OH structure showed neighboring sites between Zr4+ and Zr4+/O2−. Furthermore, the Zr/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity, while no DMC was detected over the Zr-SBA-15 catalyst at the same reaction conditions. For combined in situ infrared and catalytic performance, it was indicated that the methanol and CO2 could be activated to form DMC, only when the Zr4+ and Zr4+/O2− sites existed and were adjacent to each other in the Zr-O-Zr-OH of Zr/SBA-15 catalyst.

Ordered mesoporous materials are attracting wide concern because of their applications in the field of catalysis, adsorption, separations, drug delivery systems and gas sensors owing of their extremely high surface area combined with well-defined pore structures with narrow pore size distributions. Various mesoporous materials such as MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-15 and SBA-16 have been reported in past two decades. Synthesis of mesoporous materials involves the concept of aggregation of surfactants as structure directing agents under acidic or basic conditions. The dimensions of these mesopores can be obtained by type of surfactant, auxiliary chemicals and synthesis conditions. At present, SBA-15 has attracted more attention among different mesoporous silica structures due to their desirable properties such as thick pore wall and hexagonal mesopores (4–12 nm), high surface area, ease of synthesis and functionalization and high thermal and mechanical stability. In last few years, great effort has been made on the development of various methods for the synthesis of mesoporous materials as support for oxidation reactions. The aim of this review article is to focus mainly on mesoporous SBA-15 together with its application as support for various oxidation reactions.