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The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule’s K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices—MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas—appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation.

This study aims to identify a novel mega-flap from the abdominal region. The flap is an extension of the bipedicled DIEP to incorporate the bilateral superficial circumflex iliac perforator (SCIP) and external pudendal arterial systems. These arise from the common femoral artery, hence termed “The Three Gorges” flap. We utilized a novel indocyanine green fluorescence angiography method to evaluate the perfusion of this flap solely via the bilateral DIEP pedicles. Anatomical dissection of three cadavers was performed to map the perfusion zone of the flap via bilateral DIEP pedicles. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography was employed to capture the perfusion in real time. The SCIP and superficial external pudendal systems can be perfused by the DIEP pedicle. A novel mega-flap based on three tributaries from bilateral DIEP, SCIP, and superficial external pudendal arterial systems can be supplied by bilateral DIEP pedicles.

Episodic memory may essentially be memory for one’s place within a temporally unfolding scene from a first-person perspective. Given this, pervasively used static stimuli may only capture one small part of episodic memory. A promising approach for advancing the study of episodic memory is immersing participants within varying scenes from a first-person perspective. We present a pool of distinct scene stimuli for use in virtual environments and a paradigm that is implementable across varying levels of immersion on multiple virtual reality (VR) platforms and adaptable to studying various aspects of scene and episodic memory. In our task, participants are placed within a series of virtual environments from a first-person perspective and guided through a virtual tour of scenes during a study phase and a test phase. In the test phase, some scenes share a spatial layout with studied scenes; others are completely novel. In three experiments with varying degrees of immersion, we measure scene recall, scene familiarity-detection during recall failure, the subjective experience of déjà vu, the ability to predict the next turn on a tour, the subjective sense of being able to predict the next turn on a tour, and the factors that influence memory search and the inclination to generate candidate recollective information. The level of first-person immersion mattered to multiple facets of episodic memory. The paradigm presents a useful means of advancing mechanistic understanding of how memory operates in realistic dynamic scene environments, including in combination with cognitive neuroscience methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiology.

In recent years, much research and many data sources have become digital. Some advantages of digital or Internet-based research, compared to traditional lab research (e.g., comprehensive data collection and storage, availability of data) are ideal for an improved meta-analyses approach.In the meantime, in meta-analyses research, different types of meta-analyses have been developed to provide research syntheses with accurate quantitative estimations. Due to its rich and unique palette of corrections, we recommend to using the Schmidt and Hunter approach for meta-analyses in a digitalized world. Our primer shows in a step-by-step fashion how to conduct a high quality meta-analysis considering digital data and highlights the most obvious pitfalls (e.g., using only a bare-bones meta-analysis, no data comparison) not only in aggregation of the data, but also in the literature search and coding procedure which are essential steps in any meta-analysis. Thus, this primer of meta-analyses is especially suited for a situation where much of future research is headed to: digital research. To map Internet-based research and to reveal any research gap, we further synthesize meta-analyses on Internet-based research (15 articles containing 24 different meta-analyses, on 745 studies, with 1,601 effect sizes), resulting in the first mega meta-analysis of the field. We found a lack of individual participant data (e.g., age and nationality). Hence, we provide a primer for high-quality meta-analyses and mega meta-analyses that applies to much of coming research and also basic hands-on knowledge to conduct or judge the quality of a meta-analyses in a digitalized world.

This work addresses the challenge of determining chemical sum formulas from mass spectrometry data through a three-fold approach: establishing a formal problem framework, analyzing its computational complexity, and developing an approximate algorithm that synergizes reference database integration with functional group property analysis to enable accurate compound identification and structural characterization. By bridging theoretical foundations in computational complexity with practical solutions for chemical structure elucidation, the proposed methodology advances analytical capabilities in mass spectrometry data interpretation.

The present article describes VAS Generator (www.vasgenerator.net), a free Web service for creating a wide range of visual analogue scales that can be used as measurement devices in Web surveys and Web experimentation, as well as for local computerized assessment. A step-by-step example for creating and implementing a visual analogue scale with visual feedback is given. VAS Generator and the scales it generates work independently of platforms and use the underlying languages HTML and JavaScript. Results from a validation study with 355 participants are reported and show that the scales generated with VAS Generator approximate an interval-scale level. In light of previous research on visual analogue versus categorical (e.g., radio button) scales in Internet-based research, we conclude that categorical scales only reach ordinal-scale level, and thus visual analogue scales are to be preferred whenever possible.

Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy, frequently performed for vulvar cancer, is burdened with substantial immediate and long-term morbidity. One of the most disabling treatment-related sequelae is lower limb lymphedema (LLL). The present study aims to describe the wound complications and the severity of LLL in patients who have undergone groin dissection for vulvar cancer and immediate inguinal reconstruction with the Lymphatic Superficial Circumflex Iliac Perforator flap (L-SCIP). We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who underwent bilateral groin dissection and unilateral inguinal reconstruction with the L-SCIP. The presence and severity of postoperative LLL during the follow-up period were assessed by lymphoscintigraphy and limbs’ volume measurement. In addition, immediate complications at the level of the inguinal area were registered. The changes between preoperative and postoperative limb volumes were analyzed by Student’s t test. p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Thirty-one patients were included. The mean variation of volume was 479 ± 330 cc3 in the side where groin reconstruction had been performed, and 683 ± 425 cc3 in the contralateral side, showing smaller variation in the treated side (p = 0.022). Lymphoscintigraphy confirmed the clinical findings. Based on our results, inguinal reconstruction with L-SCIP performed at the same time of groin dissection in patients treated for vulvar cancer can provide a significant protective effect on LLL.

This study is based on the urgent need to adapt education systems to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It examines the implementation of the “Innovative FOCUS” program at the secondary school level to promote creative problem-solving skills in the sustainability context. The Innovative FOCUS program employs a two-stage approach, integrating flexibility, originality, creative personality development, and strategic planning. It includes in-service teacher training and a challenge-based learning framework in which students engage in real-world sustainability projects. The program’s effectiveness was evaluated through teacher and student feedback focusing on the development of prototypes addressing sustainability challenges. The implementation of the InFOCUS program in 19 secondary schools demonstrated significant effectiveness. Teachers indicated that the program’s tools were effective in promoting students’ creativity and problem-solving skills. Of the 64 student teams, 62 successfully developed innovative prototypes, reflecting an improved capacity for innovative thinking and underlining the practical impact of the program. The Innovative FOCUS program effectively integrates sustainability education with creative and critical thinking skills. It demonstrates the potential of challenge-based learning in transforming students’ approaches to real-world problems, aligning education with 21st-century sustainability goals. The program’s success highlights the importance of such innovative approaches in contemporary education systems.

Background The anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap is commonly used for complex lower limb reconstruction. Recently, other thin perforator flaps—such as the thin-ALT flap and the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap—have become increasingly utilized in this indication. There is limited evidence examining the performance of these thin suprafascial flaps to the standard ALT flap. We aim to systematically review the literature, assessing the survival and complication rates of the standard ALT, thin-ALT, and SCIP flaps in lower limb reconstruction. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched BIOSIS®, PubMed®, Cochrane Library®, Embase®, MEDLINE®, and Web of Science® on Jan. 27, 2021. Only primary English studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and that explored lower limb reconstruction were included. Results We included 68 studies, comprising 1652 standard ALT, 187 thin-ALT, and 129 SCIP flaps. Thin-ALT flaps demonstrated significantly lower rates of full flap failure (0.6%, N  = 1/187) compared to standard ALT flaps (3.9%, N  = 64/1652). Thin-ALT and SCIP flaps have been more frequently used in foot reconstruction (47.6%, N  = 50/105; 82.9%, N  = 29/35 respectively), whereas standard ALT flaps have been more frequently used in leg (43.0%, N  = 182/423) and trauma-related reconstructions (84.3%, N  = 334/396). Thin-ALT and SCIP flaps have a smaller mean surface area, as well as significantly lower rates of thinning (6.2%, N  = 5/80; 4.5%, N  = 5/112, respectively) compared to standard ALT flaps (26.1%, N  = 43/165). Conclusions Thin-ALT and SCIP flaps demonstrate low rates of flap failure and secondary complications that are comparable to standard ALT flaps. Thin-ALT and SCIP flaps are viable options for complex lower extremity reconstruction. Level of evidence: Not gradable

ObjectiveCognitive impairment is a common complaint in prolonged work-related stress and may contribute to work disability. The objective was to evaluate the longitudinal impacts of objectively and subjectively measured cognitive impairment on occupational status and to evaluate the measurement’s predictive properties regarding occupational prognosis in patients with work-related stress.MethodsPatients with work-related stress (n = 82) were assessed with Danish versions of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-D) and the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), as screeners of objective and subjective cognitive impairments, respectively. Patients were contacted via telephone at 6-month follow-up providing data on occupational status (employment vs. non-employment). Impacts of cognitive impairment on occupational status were evaluated using logistic regression analyses adjusting for other explanatory covariates (sociodemographic factors, comorbidities etc.). The predictive performance of SCIP-D and CFQ were evaluated using non-adjusted logistic regression analysis and receiver-operating-characteristics curves.ResultsThere was a strong association between objective cognitive impairment measured with SCIP-D and non-employment when adjusting for other explanatory factors (OR adjusted 3.25, 95% CI 1.09–9.69). The association was attenuated but remained robust in the non-adjusted analysis (OR non-adjusted 1.74, 95% CI 1.08–2.81). Yet, a cut-score of SCIP-D performed inadequate as a sole predictor of occupational status. Subjective cognitive impairment was unrelated to subsequent occupational status.ConclusionsObjective-but not subjective-cognitive impairment was associated with subsequent non-employment. Our results suggest a predictive potential in objective measurements of cognitive impairment with significant implications for clinical assessment of patients with work-related stress.