Explore the vast range of titles available.

This paper presents the reactive extraction of propionic acid from aqueous solution by amine based extractants such as tri-n-octylamine and Aliquat 336, dissolved in a mixture of n-dodecane and 1-decanol. Equilibrium experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters such as modifier (1-decanol) concentration, extractant type, extractant composition, diluent composition, and initial acid concentration on the extraction efficiency. The extraction efficiency was found to be increased with an increase in modifier composition and extractant composition, and decreased with increases in initial acid concentration. Different biocompatible extractant/diluent systems such as (1) 20% TOA, 20% 1-decanol and 60% n-dodecane, (2) 20% TOA, 30% 1-decanol and 50% n-dodecane, (3) 30% TOA, 20% 1-decanol and 50% n-dodecane and (4) 25% Aliquat 336, 25% 1-decanol and 50% n-dodecane are developed and used in this study. A mathematical model based on mass action law and a population-based search algorithm (differential evolution, DE) is proposed, and is used to estimate the extraction equilibrium constant (K∧E) and stoichiometry of reactive extraction. Individual equilibrium constants for the simultaneous formation of (1:1) and (2:1) acid:amine complexes are also determined. The extraction system comprised of 20% TOA, 30% 1-decanol, and 50% n-dodecane was found to be the best among the four biocompatible extractant/diluent systems studied. The loading ratios found in the range of 0.113~1.05 indicated the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes between acid and TOA.

We determine the effects of the technology of obtaining potato protein preparation and of different variants of enzymatic hydrolysis on the chemical and amino acid compositions of the hydrolysates obtained. Potato protein concentrates obtained through their thermal coagulation in potato juice with calcium chloride, calcium lactate or without salt addition were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using two commercial hydrolytic enzymes: endopeptidase (Alcalase) and exopeptidase (Flavourzyme). Chemical (contents of ash, total and coagulable protein) and amino acid compositions of the hydrolysates obtained were determined. On the ground of the findings it was stated that the type of potato protein preparation used and conditions of enzymatic modification influenced on the properties of the hydrolysates obtained. Preparations obtained during the study were characterised by similar chemical and amino acid compositions, whereas the preparation obtained through thermal coagulation with the use of calcium lactate contained insignificantly more protein and essential amino acids. The least liable to enzymatic hydrolysis was the preparation obtained by using calcium chloride, particularly when only endopeptidase was used. The application of endopeptidase enzyme enabled to obtain 60% of proteolysis efficiency and the addition of the second enzyme (exopeptidase) to the protein solution insignificantly increased the proteolysis efficiency (to ca 70%), mainly when the preparation coagulated with the use of calcium chloride was hydrolysed. Proteolysis of the protein preparations obtained with the use of two enzymes was more favourable, particularly due to the quantity of free amino acids in and amino acids composition of the hydrolysates.

La politización de la Justicia y la judicialización de la política se perciben por la ciudadanía como serias desviaciones del ideal de separación de poderes diseñado por Montesquieu. Pero la plasmación del ideal de separación de poderes fue distinta en los Estados Unidos de América, donde se admitió el control judicial de la constitucionalidad de las leyes, y en Francia y en los países europeos que siguieron su estela, como España, donde se implantó una carrera judicial burocratizada secuestrada por el Poder Ejecutivo a través de la ocupación política de altos cargos judiciales y de una disciplina de hierro. La transición del Estado liberal de Derecho al Estado constitucional de Derecho ha supuesto un cambio sustancial en la concepción de la función judicial, de la boca que dice la ley a ser guardián de las promesas. El Poder Judicial gana protagonismo frente al Poder Legislativo. En este nuevo contexto del Estado constitucional de Derecho, el estudio analiza la situación en España en relación con la judicialización de la política (control judicial de procesos legislativos; exigencia de responsabilidades a cargos políticos; denuncias de «lawfare») y en relación con la politización de la Justicia (que han derivado en una degradación institucional del Consejo General del Poder Judicial). Finalmente, se analizan los propósitos del Pacto de renovación del CGPJ alcanzado por los partidos mayoritarios y en especial si el Pacto ha supuesto mejora de presente y, sobre todo, hacia el futuro.

\"...the best handbook on membrane technology, which is currently on the market...\" -Membrane News (on the previous edition) Building on the success of the previous edition, Membrane Technology and Applications Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of separation membranes, their manufacture and their applications.

The compositions and concentrations of lipid classes, fatty acids and tocopherols were determined in the lipids from Spirulina platensis. Total lipids (TL) recovered using chloroform : methanol (2:1, v/v) were found to be 163.5 g/kg (on dry weight basis). The level of neutral lipids was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Among TL and lipid classes, palmitic, gamma-linolenic and linoleic acids were the dominating fatty acids. Compared with the neutral lipids, the polar fractions were generally characterised by higher percentages of saturated fatty acids. The recovered lipids were characterised by high percentage of tocopherols, wherein alpha-tocopherol constituted about 73% of total tocopherols present, the rest having been gamma-tocopherol. Spirulina platensis lipids exhibited a strong radical scavenging activity towards stable DPPH free radicals, whereas 27% of DPPH radicals were quenched after 2 h incubation. TL and lipid classes inhibited the growth of different microorganisms except gram-negative bacteria. At high concentrations, the tested lipids appeared more effective against A. niger (28.3+/-1.53 mm).

La doctrina constitucional actual asume que la separación de poderes apareció en las obras de Locke y Montesquieu, sin embargo, la presente investigación sostiene que es un producto grecorromano. La valiosa experiencia griega no fue ajena a gobiernos tiránicos, de ahí que sus filósofos tuvieran que reflexionar sobre las mejores formas de gobierno y encontrasen que el buen vivir y la felicidad eran conceptos políticos, pues la política sería para ellos una cuestión profundamente ética y en la virtud descansaría la garantía de sistemas justos. Aristóteles, aparte de su célebre distinción entre regímenes buenos y degenerados, recomienda un modelo tripartito, donde un elemento delibere, otro administre y otro juzgue. En la república romana se ensayó un modelo que depositó el poder en el Senado, las Magistraturas y las Asambleas, donde las funciones estuvieron distribuidas en todas estas instituciones y ninguna de ellas estuvo comandada por un solo individuo, especialmente las magistraturas, que tuvieron como características naturales a la colegialidad y a la temporalidad para evitar la concentración de poder y los exabruptos que habían experimentado con la monarquía. De esto dan cuenta Polibio, Tito Livio y Cicerón El mundo grecorromano conoció el principio de separación del poder como un precepto lógico que prevenía las consecuencias de su abuso. Desde el siglo XVII, los pensadores prerrevolucionarios empezaron a difundir propuestas para la creación de un nuevo régimen que reemplace al Estado absolutista. En este entorno del nuevo Estado liberal se desarrolla una idea que definía la existencia de tres poderes, cada uno de ellos con funciones específicas. La sola distribución del poder no había sido suficiente para griegos y romanos, quienes exigían la virtud en el régimen político y no sólo una desconcentración formal del poder. Ahora, aparte de la distribución de órganos que ya se había ensayado en la antigüedad, se requería también una separación específica de funciones, donde cada órgano estuviese encargado por separado de los poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial, pero con relaciones de colaboración entre ellos. Así, se pasó de la idea de un separatismo riguroso que pretendía una independencia tajante entre los órganos a una sana y necesaria interdependencia que no fuese un obstáculo para la separación del poder. El problema, según nuestra investigación, es semántico y epistémico, pues en la antigüedad grecorromana estuvimos ante el principio de separación de poderes, que implica una separación de órganos y funciones, que se distribuyen en todas sus instituciones. Desde el siglo XVII estamos ante una teoría de la separación de poderes, que se basa en el principio, pero que propugna una separación de órganos y una específica separación de funciones, donde cada poder asume facultades propias que pueden ser compartidas con los otros poderes. The current constitutional doctrine assumes that the separation of powers appeared in the works of Locke and Montesquieu; however, this research argues that it is a Greco-Roman product. The valuable Greek experience was not foreign to tyrannical governments, which is why their philosophers had to reflect on the best forms of government and found that good life and happiness were political concepts, as politics would be for them a deeply ethical matter and the guarantee of just systems would rest on virtue. Aristotle, apart from his famous distinction between good and perverted regimes, recommends a tripartite model, where one element deliberates, another administers, and another judges. In the Roman Republic, it was tested a model that placed power in the Senate, the Magistracies, and the Assemblies, where functions were distributed among all these institutions and none of them were commanded by a single individual, especially the magistracies, which had as natural characteristics collegiality and temporality to avoid the concentration of power and the abuses they had experienced with the monarchy. Polybius, Titus Livy, and Cicero attest to this. The Greco-Roman world recognized the principle of separation of powers as a logical precept that prevented the consequences of its abuse. Since the 17th century, pre-revolutionary thinkers began to spread proposals for the creation of a new regime to replace the absolutist state. In this environment of the new liberal state, an idea was developed that defined the existence of three powers, each with specific functions. The mere distribution of power had not been sufficient for the Greeks and Romans, who demanded virtue in the political regime and not just a formal decentralization of power. Now, apart from the distribution of organs that had already been tried in ancient times, a specific separation of functions was also required, where each organ was separately in charge of the executive, legislative, and judicial powers, but with collaborative relationships between them. Thus, the idea shifted from a rigorous separatism that aimed for a sharp independence between the branches to a healthy and necessary interdependence that would not hinder the separation of powers. According to our research, the problem is semantic and epistemic, as in Greco-Roman antiquity we were faced with the principle of separation of powers, which implies a separation of organs and functions, distributed across all its institutions. Since the 17th century, we have been faced with a theory of the separation of powers, which is based on the principle but advocates for a separation of organs and a specific separation of functions, where each power assumes its own faculties that can be shared with the other powers. Summary 1. A GRECO-ROMAN QUESTION, 2. SEPARATION OF ORGANS, SEPARATION OF FUNCTIONS AND THE REPUBLICAN SPIRIT, 3. A SEMANTIC AND EPISTEMIC PROBLEM: PRINCIPLE VS. THEORY. 4. CONCLUSIONS.

O presente estudo buscou conhecer, por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, quais as possíveis razões para a ausência paterna na vida dos filhos após o rompimento conjugal. Para tanto, foram entrevistados pais que participaram do serviço de mediação familiar e tiveram acordo homologado judicialmente em um Núcleo de Práticas Judiciárias Gratuitas. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando a técnica de entrevistas semidirigidas de questões abertas, e os resultados analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Os pais relataram terem se sentido vítimas de um golpe - o golpe da barriga - que teve por objetivo mantêlos em um relacionamento em vias de dissolução. Assim, apresentaram dificuldades em estabelecer um vínculo afetivo com esse filho, visto que amá-lo seria assumir a efetividade de tal golpe. Ademais, foram identificadas semelhanças na história familiar dos participantes que envolviam a paternidade, as quais, por não terem sido problematizadas, não se tornaram objeto de reflexão, o que levou à repetição. Por fim, entende-se que o estudo aponta a importância do cuidado com relação aos efeitos da dissolução conjugal no que tange ao exercício dos papéis parentais, em especial, à paternidade. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo conocer, a través de un enfoque cualitativo, cuáles son las posibles razones de la ausencia del padre en la vida de los niños después de la ruptura matrimonial. Para ello, fueron entrevistados los padres que participaron del servicio de mediación familiar y tuvieron acuerdo aprobado judicialmente en un Núcleo de Prácticas Judiciales Gratuitas. La investigación fue realizada mediante la técnica de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con preguntas abiertas y los resultados examinados por medio de análisis de contenido temático. Los padres informaron que se habían sentido engañados por “el embarazo inesperado”, cuyo objetivo era mantenerlos en una relación al borde de la disolución. Por eso tenían dificultades para establecer un vínculo afectivo con el hijo, pues amarlo sería aceptar la eficacia de semejante engaño. Además de eso, fueron identificadas similitudes en la historia familiar de los participantes que involucran la paternidad, las cuales porque no han sido problematizadas no se tornaron objeto de reflexión, lo que llevó a la repetición de ese tipo de comportamiento. Por último, se entiende que el estudio apunta para la importancia de preocuparse por los efectos de la disolución marital en relación con el ejercicio de los roles parentales, en particular, la paternidad. The present study aimed to know, using the qualitative approach, what are the reasons for the absence of the father in the lives of his children after marital disruption. Fathers who participated in the family mediation service and had an agreement legally approved in a Free Center of Judicial Practice were interviewed. The research was carried out using semi-directed open-ended questions interviews and the results were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The fathers reported themselves as victims of a trick - “the pregnancy trick” - that aimed to oblige them to continue a relationship that would otherwise be dissoluted. Therefore, they presented difficulties concerning the establishment of an emotional bond with their child, since loving him/her would mean to assume the effectiveness of such trick. Moreover, similarities in the family history of the participants, involving paternity, were identified. Since such family histories were not problematized, they were not object of reflection, leading to the repetition of the pattern. Finally, the study highlights the need of care concerning the effects of the marital disruption, as regards the exercise of the parental roles, especially paternity.

Shared phylogenetic breaks often are associated with clear geographic barriers but some common phylogeographic breaks may lack obvious underlying mechanisms. A phylogenetic break involving multiple taxa was found in the Baja California Peninsula that was associated with a past sea barrier. However, geological evidence is lacking for this barrier's past existence, and despite its current absence, the genetic breaks have persisted. This work explores the relationships between the current climatic niches for matrilineages of 11 vertebrate species as a possible explanation for the current geographic partitioning of matrilineages. We evaluated the climatic occupancy of each matrilineage through ecological niche models, background similarity, niche overlap, niche divergence, and Mantel tests. We found disparities in the climatic occupancy between north and south matrilineage of each taxon. Northern matrilineages are associated with lower temperatures and winter rains, while southern matrilineages reside in areas with higher temperatures and summer rains.

An antimicrobial protein of about 10 kD, called Ace-AMP1, was isolated from onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds. Based on the near-complete amino acid sequence of this protein, oligonucleotides were designed for polymerase chain reaction-based cloning of the corresponding cDNA. The mature protein is homologous to plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs), but it shares only 76% of the residues that are conserved among all known plant nsLTPs and is unusually rich in arginine. Ace-AMP1 inhibits all 12 tested plant pathogenic fungi at concentrations below 10 microgram mL-1. Its antifungal activity is either not at all or is weakly affected by the presence of different cations at concentrations approximating physiological ionic strength conditions. Ace-AMP1 is also active on two Gram-positive bacteria but is apparently not toxic for Gram-negative bacteria and cultured human cells. In contrast to nsLTPs such as those isolated from radish or maize seeds, Ace-AMP1 was unable to transfer phospholipids from liposomes to mitochondria. On the other hand, lipid transfer proteins from wheat and maize seeds showed little or no antimicrobial activity, whereas the radish lipid transfer protein displayed antifungal activity only in media with low cation concentrations. The relevance of these findings with regard to the function of nsLTPs is discussed.