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Makassar City slum settlement has a complex solid waste management problem located in a coastal area, divided by canals, inhabited by middle-class people who live with limited environmental facilities, and some build semi-permanent houses on the sea. This study aims to investigate the solid waste management in coastal slum settlement including waste generation, storage, collection system also community lifestyle, and coastal settlement characteristics. The method used in this study was quantitative and qualitative. The result of the analysis shows that the volume of waste generation category was about 49.47% compost potential, 25.57% inorganic recycling potential, and 24.96% residue material. Solid waste management is not going well in this area where most of the households did not get access to the communal trash bin and collection route. Recommendations for the solid waste management model are given to overcome existing problems by onsite composting and selling waste online and offline, and small amounts of residual waste discharged to the final disposal.

Many people, especially in developing countries such as Ethiopia, are migrating to cities. The majority of these people have settled in slum areas, which often have poor sanitation and housing conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to gather evidence on nutritional status and associated factors among children aged 6-59 months living in slum areas of Gondar city, northwest Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from 3 to 28 May 2017. A total of 593 children from the slum areas aged 6-59 months were included in the study. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the independent determinants of stunting and wasting. The overall prevalences of stunting and wasting were 42.3% (95% CI 38.34, 46.3%) and 7.3% (95% CI 5.3, 9.4%), respectively. Poor wealth status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.79; 95% CI 1.19, 2.70) and age of child 24-35 months (AOR=2.56; 95% CI 1.32, 4.96), 36-47 months (AOR=2.27; 95% CI 1.14, 4.54) and 48-59 months (AOR=2.69; 95% CI 1.35, 5.32) were independently associated with stunting. Similarly, presence of a fever in the previous 2 weeks (AOR=2.29; 95% CI 1.20, 4.38) and paternal control over resources (AOR=3.66; 95% CI 1.12, 11.04) were associated with wasting. Children of uneducated mothers (AOR=3.30; 95% CI 1.29, 8.46) were also more likely to be wasted. This study illustrates that undernutrition is prevalent in the slum areas of Gondar city and is a critical public health problem. Therefore, attention should be targeted at economically disadvantaged children living in slum areas. In addition, there is a need to improve medical awareness of families with young children in these areas and increase the health-seeking behavior of these families, primarily by focusing on maternal education. Increasing women's decision-making autonomy over household resources is also recommended to address the problem.

Slum areas in Ethiopia have high poverty status. In addition, they possess poor water and sanitation accesses such as unsafe drinking water, a lower number of sanitation facilities and poor hygienic conditions. These scenarios are important in the occurrence of diarrhea among under five children’s. However, there are many studies conducted on diarrhea among under five children in Ethiopia, unfortunately, the majority usually didn’t give enough coverage for the burden of diarrhea among under five children in slum areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diarrhea and associated factors among under five children in slum areas of Gondar City. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in slum areas of Gondar City among under five children from March 28 to April 28, 2023. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect a sample of 836 through interview-administered methods using a structured data collection tool. The collected data was manually checked for completeness, coded, and entered into EPI Info version 7.1.5.2 software. It was then exported to Stata version 14.1 software for descriptive analysis, as well as bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses, to identify factors associated with diarrhea among under five children. The prevalence of diarrhea among under five children at 95% confidence interval was 24.64% (CI 21.71–27.56). Mothers/caretakers age < 25 years (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.16–3.06), mothers/caretakers age between 28 and 31 years (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.08–3.05), mothers/caretakers who had no formal education (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI 1.86–5.41), mothers/caretakers who had primary education (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.09–2.57), income level between 4877 and 5643 Ethiopian Birr (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.04–3.15), family size greater than five (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.00–2.36), flies around the house (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.38–3.73), playground not clean (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.62–4.50), breastfed for ≥ 1 year (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.41–0.97), mothers/caretakers who did not wash their hands before food preparation and eating (AOR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.39–3.58), mothers/caretakers who did not wash their hands after visiting latrine (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.07–2.38) were significantly associated factors with diarrhea among under five children in slum areas of Gondar City. The study indicates that the prevalence of diarrhea was higher among under five children in slum areas of Gondar City. The Gondar City Administration Education Bureau should give great emphasis on improving mother’s and caretaker’s education. In addition, the Gondar City Administration Health Bureau should educate mothers and caretakers about breastfeeding, sanitation, and hygiene in the slum areas of Gondar City.

​Food insecurity remains a significant challenge in Bangladesh’s urban slums, which are still considered neglected communities. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with food insecurity and dietary diversity status among slum households of Khulna Division, Bangladesh. This study employed a cross-sectional design, incorporating a household survey and key informant face-to-face interviews. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select Bangladeshi slum dwellers ( n  = 749) ≥ 18 years old from five districts residing in the Khulna Division. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. The household vulnerability to food insecurity indicator and dietary diversity status were used to assess the level of vulnerability to food insecurity. A logit model was used to identify the determinants of vulnerability to food insecurity in slum households. In this study, about 74.6% of the households were mild-to-moderate (MMFI) food insecure while 22.1% experienced severe food insecurity (SFI). Similarly, above 42% of the household respondents had low household dietary diversity (HDDS) and moderate HDDS. We revealed that monthly income, occupation, household size, anxiety and uncertainty, inadequate quality, and insufficient food intake were significantly associated with household dietary diversity and food insecurity status. Additionally, household respondents with MMFI and SFI status have significantly more experience with potential risk indicators of low and moderate HDDS. The study highlighted that in slum areas, households have higher levels of food insecurity and low household dietary diversity status, which may create a negative impact on their mental health and well-being. Therefore, the ongoing and future governments should prioritize supporting vulnerable communities to ensure food security by providing food packages and reducing food prices.

Background Adequate gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important factor for maternal and fetal health. This is especially important in low-income and slum areas due to limited access to health services and malnutrition. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the pattern of GWG changes in the slum areas of Hamadan in Iran. Methods In this longitudinal study, the study sample consisted of 509 pregnant women who referred to nine health care clinics in the slum areas of Hamadan. Women's weight gain based on the recommended GWG by U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) was divided into three categories: Inadequate weight gain, Adequate weight gain, and Excessive weight gain. In order to evaluate the trend of GWG, a multi-level ordinal model was used. Results According to pre-pregnancy BMI, a little more than half people (56.6%) were overweight or obese. 85.4% women in the first trimester and 49.1% in the second trimester did not have adequate GWG, but in the third trimester (38.9%) had adequate GWG. Based on multivariate analysis, pre- pregnancy BMI has a significant effect on the odds of inadequate GWG ( P -value = 0.021); with one unit increase in pre-pregnancy BMI, the odds of inadequate GWG grows by 1.07 times compared to adequate and excessive GWG. Conclusions In general, women did not have adequate weight gain in the first and second trimesters.Thus, designing appropriate interventions to achieve optimal GWG seems to be necessary in slums.

Imageability is the quality of a place that makes it recognizable, memorable, and different from other places. It determines the character and identity of city space. On the other hand, slum settlements are a severe problem in several countries worldwide. Urbanization makes urban space denser and causes disorder if there is no good urban spatial development. This condition then affects the image of the city, which becomes less good, disorganized, and has no character. In its role, good quality (non-slum) urban settlement will improve the image of the city. However, in the context of slum settlements in Indonesia, under certain conditions, it can have good imageability as part of the identity of urban settlements. This paper aims to assess the imageability of the slum area of Mojo Village, Surakarta City, which will be used as a basis for settlement upgrading. This study uses a qualitative method with a visual assessment survey using the main parameters of the condition of the open spaces and buildings. A visual assessment survey is a survey to assess visual quality by observers with predetermined assessment criteria. This study found that predominantly settlement neighborhoods have low imageability, but some places have high imageability.

This study investigated the prevalence and determinants of substance use and psychological distress amongst adolescents living in the slum areas of Dibrugarh, Assam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 276 adolescents aged 12-19 years from randomly chosen four slums of Dibrugarh of India. This study has utilised two standard questionnaires: the World Health Organization's Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO ASSIST V3.0) for assessing substance use and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for adolescent psychological distress. The prevalence of substance use was found to be 35.8% and 23.9% of participants reported abnormal total difficulty scores. The key determinants included age, gender and family type. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions addressing both substance use and mental health issues in this vulnerable population.

Infrastructure upgrading projects are a key element in enhancing the livelihood of residents in slum areas. These projects face significant constructability challenges common to dense-urban construction coupled with the unique socioeconomic challenges of operating in slums. This research focuses on sanitation network upgrading projects in slum areas and proposes a novel methodology capable of (1) accounting for the unique constructability challenges for these projects, (2) accelerating the provision of sanitation services, and (3) optimizing construction decisions. The key contribution of this research to the body of knowledge is in developing a comprehensive construction planning framework capable of achieving these three objectives. The proposed framework focuses specifically on sewer lines upgrading within the larger sanitation networks upgrading projects. This framework consists of five main models that can guide planners in selecting the appropriate equipment sizes, trench system configuration, and optimal equipment routing, in addition to identifying all possible execution sequences along with the corresponding construction cost and duration of each sequence. Most notably, this framework proposes an approach to assess the serviceability of different construction plans measured by how fast sanitary services can be provided to slum dwellers. A multi-objective, genetic algorithms optimization model is developed to identify the optimal construction plans that accelerate the sanitary service provision to residents while minimizing construction costs. A real-world example is presented to demonstrate the model capabilities in optimizing construction plans.

Background Today, economic and social determinants of health in slum settlements are at the policymakers’ center of attention. Iran has had an excellent experience in the Primary Health Care Program. This study aimed to evaluate the Primary Health Care Expansion Program with public-private partnerships in slum areas of Iran from the perspective of stakeholders in 2022. Methods This qualitative study was conducted using the framework content analysis method. Participants were 17 experts and health managers involved in The Primary Health Care Expansion with Public-Private Partnerships in the suburban areas at the medical universities of Khorasan Razavi province in the east of Iran, who were selected through purposive sampling via snowball method. For data collection, a semi-structured interview was done and framework content analysis was used for data analysis and results categories based on the SWOT. Results The study identified 23 main themes and 112 sub-themes, which were then grouped into four main categories - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats using the SWOT model. Conclusion Results of the study showed the internal and external factors affecting Primary Health Care Expansion with Public-Private Partnerships in suburban areas. This situational analysis can help health policymakers to better understand the performance of health facilities.

This study evaluated slum conditions and assessed human health risks associated with drinking water in three communities of Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Twenty-one groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard procedures. Physicochemical analyses were performed using the standard procedure. All digested samples were analysed for selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, Model 210/211VGP, Buck Scientific, E. Norwalk, CT, USA). Microbiological parameters were determined through serial dilution, isolation, and identification of isolates. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and health risk indices average daily intake, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) were computed. One hundred and five structured questionnaires were administered to residents to obtain data on housing, infrastructure, and sanitation. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 23). Results showed that most water parameters met WHO standards, except for electrical conductivity, which gave mean values ranging from 793.70 to 1153.00 µS/cm, and other parameters (mg/L) which gave (380.00–481.10) for hardness, 0.55–0.80 for Fe and 0.07–2.33 for Cu. The total bacterial count (1990 cfu/mL) exceeded the WHO limit (50 cfu/mL), indicating contamination. The WQI values (> 300) revealed the water was unsuitable for consumption, while HI values > 1.0 indicated potential health risks. Questionnaire results showed that 61%, 83%, 77%, 60%, and 40% of respondents were male, married, educated, employed, and earned above ₦100,000, respectively. Moreover, 57% and 97% lacked access to clean water and sanitation. This study showed that slum residents face poor water quality and significant health risks due to contaminated groundwater and inadequate sanitation.