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"SOCIAL PROTECTION"
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The empire of climate : a history of an idea
Scientists, journalists, and politicians increasingly tell us that human impacts on climate constitute the single greatest threat facing our planet and may even bring about the extinction of our species. Yet behind these anxieties lies an older, much deeper fear about the power that climate exerts over us. The Empire of Climate traces the history of this idea and its pervasive influence over how we interpret world events and make sense of the human condition, from the rise and fall of ancient civilizations to the afflictions of the modern psyche.
BOOK
Gendered Social Perceptions of “The Poor”: Differences in Individualistic Attributions, Stereotypes, and Attitudes Toward Social Protection Policies
Poverty is a phenomenon that affects men and women differently. In the current research, we examined social perceptions of poor men and women across three experiments focusing on attributions for poverty, classist attitudes, and stereotypes about poor people. In Study 1, participants from the general population (N = 484) made more individualistic (dispositional) attributions for men’s poverty compared to women’s poverty, blaming men more for their poverty. Participants also believed that men would manage the assistance they received from the state more poorly than women. These patterns were observed across all three studies. In Study 2 (N = 256), we also found that more individualistic attributions for why men were in poverty predicted more negative attitudes toward social protection policies concerning men. In Study 3 (N = 358), we replicated the results observed in Study 2, and found that women in poverty were described as mor communal and competent than men in poverty. We interpret these results considering the operation of traditional gender roles as well as the parallelism between stereotypes of women and poor people. Our results are relevant to the framing of the proposals by social organizations, political parties, and emancipation movements that advocate for policies and programs to address poverty.
Journal Article
Preterm Birth
The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups.
While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems.
Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.
eBook
Identifying measures for coverage of nutrition‐sensitive social protection programs: Learnings from India
Optimal child growth requires a combination of nutrition‐specific and sensitive interventions in the first 1,000 days. There is limited guidance on how to measure the population‐level coverage of nutrition‐sensitive social protection (NSSP), which is designed with explicit nutrition goals and often provides food or cash transfers and co‐coverage with nutrition and health intervention. In this study in India, we designed a questionnaire that captures seven core NSSP program elements (transfer type, size, modality, population, timing, provider, conditionalities), then used cognitive testing to refine the questionnaire, and then implemented the questions as part of a telephone survey. Cognitive testing indicated variability in understanding the terms used to specify NSSP programs, including the need to use regional program names. Respondents also had difficulty recalling the timing of the benefit receipt. We included the refined NSSP coverage questions in a phone‐based survey with 6,627 mothers with children <2 years across six states. Coverage of subsidized food was 73% across all households. Women were more likely to report receiving food than cash transfers during pregnancy (89% vs. 60%) and during lactation (75% vs. 13%). Co‐coverage of NSSP with nutrition and health interventions during pregnancy (16%) and early childhood (3%) was low. It was feasible to measure coverage of NSSP investments in these populations; however, further research is needed to comprehensively assess all the dimensions of the NSSP benefits, including benefit adequacy and the validity of these questions when administered in person and by phone. This study developed and operationalized indicators of nutrition‐sensitive social protection (NSSP) coverage and co‐coverage across the first 1000 days using an evidenced‐based NSSP measurement framework. Our findings reveal important insights into what types of benefits mothers are receiving for nutrition and areas that are lacking. Key messages Nutrition‐sensitive social protection (NSSP) programs have diverse intervention designs and delivery channels that present challenges for standardized coverage measurement. There is limited guidance on how to measure the population‐level coverage of NSSP, which is designed with explicit nutrition goals. This study developed and operationalized indicators of NSSP coverage and co‐coverage across the first 1,000 days using an evidenced‐based NSSP measurement framework to cognitively test the appropriateness of the survey questions. Our findings also revealed important insights into what types of benefits mothers were receiving for nutrition and areas that were lacking.
Journal Article
Universal Refugee Social Protection Guidelines: A Discussion into the Challenges to Their Successful Adoption
This paper discusses some of the impediments to the realization of refugee-specific conventions and the international bill of human rights content, i.e., the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the UDHR. The discrepancy highlights a broader failure in the diffusion of the global refugee regime and underscores the disparity between the intentions of global policy and its real-world impact. Challenges to global social policy diffusion (and the resultant implementation gaps in Africa) are examined through the use of secondary data on refugees in South Africa and the region. Also examined is the content of human rights conventions and their adoption. The challenges noted include (i) compulsory forms of power within the global governance system and constraints on the global refugee regime; (ii) protracted social conflict situations, funding gaps, geopolitical reordering and an ensuing lack of cohesion amongst stakeholders in the transference of global social policy and (iii) limitations in the content of refugee rights and a poor alignment of the said content at the national and local contexts.
Journal Article
Recent social, environmental, and cultural issues in East Asian societies
\"This book explores various social, environmental, and cultural issues challenging modern East Asian cultures and their implications on society\"--Provided by publisher\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A National Strategy to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level
Approximately 30 percent of the edible food produced in the United States is wasted and a significant portion of this waste occurs at the consumer level. Despite food's essential role as a source of nutrients and energy and its emotional and cultural importance, U.S. consumers waste an estimated average of 1 pound of food per person per day at home and in places where they buy and consume food away from home. Many factors contribute to this waste-consumers behaviors are shaped not only by individual and interpersonal factors but also by influences within the food system, such as policies, food marketing and the media. Some food waste is unavoidable, and there is substantial variation in how food waste and its impacts are defined and measured. But there is no doubt that the consequences of food waste are severe: the wasting of food is costly to consumers, depletes natural resources, and degrades the environment. In addition, at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has severely strained the U.S. economy and sharply increased food insecurity, it is predicted that food waste will worsen in the short term because of both supply chain disruptions and the closures of food businesses that affect the way people eat and the types of food they can afford.
A National Strategy to Reduce Food Waste at the Consumer Level identifies strategies for changing consumer behavior, considering interactions and feedbacks within the food system. It explores the reasons food is wasted in the United States, including the characteristics of the complex systems through which food is produced, marketed, and sold, as well as the many other interconnected influences on consumers' conscious and unconscious choices about purchasing, preparing, consuming, storing, and discarding food. This report presents a strategy for addressing the challenge of reducing food waste at the consumer level from a holistic, systems perspective.
eBook