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This work investigated the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) as sodium replacement on the physicochemical properties of silver carp surimi. As NaCl replaced by 0.32% and 0.63% CaCl 2 , surimi gels presented better textural properties, breaking force and rheological properties, while 0.95%, 1.27% and 1.58% CaCl 2 led to the deterioration of gel strength. With the addition of CaCl 2 , water holding capacity (WHC) decreased significantly (p < .05), the T 23 relaxation time decreased and the proportion of T 23 increased. Compared with control, the sulphydryl content in surimi gel with 0.63% CaCl 2 increased by 23.61% and the solubility decreased by 17.31%. Furthermore, the Raman spectra data demonstrated that more β-sheet structures and random coils were induced in surimi gels prepared with CaCl 2 . Then surimi with and without CaCl 2 was used as food-ink for three-dimensional (3D) printing, it indicated that surimi with 0.32% and 0.63% CaCl 2 could effectively improve the 3D printability.

Introduction: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) is an ergogenic agent that enhances the body's buffer capacity and reduces fatigue from lactic acid accumulation during anaerobic exercise. However, its effectiveness in intermittent sports like badminton is limited, necessitating further research.Objective: This research aims to assess the impact of sodium bicarbonate intake on alleviating anaerobic fatigue and lowering lactic acid concentrations after strenuous exercise.Methodology: The study involved 36 male badminton players from the Indonesian Badminton Association (PBSI) Jombang, divided into two groups: the treatment group (Sb) and the control group (Pla). Before the test, the Sb group consumed sodium bicarbonate solution to mitigate adverse effects, while the Pla group took mineral water. Participants engaged in anaerobic exercise, jogging at 95% of their heart rate. They were assessed using the RAST and Roche Cobas Accutrend Plus for lactic acid concentrations.Results: The study found that sodium bicarbonate intake significantly reduced the rise in fatigue index and lactic acid concentrations compared to the control group. The control group experienced a mean increase of 3.658 ± 1.87 watts/s, while the treatment group showed a decrease of only 1.791 ± 1.65 watts/s.Discussion: Sodium bicarbonate consumption significantly reduced the increase in fatigue index and lactic acid levels after anaerobic exercise, supporting its role as an effective strategy in maintaining badminton athlete performance.Conclusions: Sodium bicarbonate stabilizes body pH by neutralizing lactic acid and H⁺ ions, reducing metabolic acidosis during intense anaerobic exercise. It may help reduce anaerobic fatigue in badminton athletes, but further studies are needed.

In the food industry, it is crucial to validate analytical methods for the testing of nutrients and components in processed food products, especially with the recent inclusion of warning labels. This paper introduces a novel methodology for determining sodium levels in fried corn-based snacks. The main objective of this study was to determine the reliability of the method in consistently delivering accurate results. The methodology involved a thorough validation of the flame photometry analytical method to precisely measure the sodium content in corn-based snack foods. The equipment results were linearized for the specific analyte, and its accuracy was determined by calibration curves at four control points using two sodium standards. One standard was standardized control, and the second was prepared by directly diluting the food matrix of interest. The limits of the equipment for sodium detection and quantification were determined. Accuracy was evaluated using experimental recovery percentages. The results of the method’s standardization were evaluated for 10 months by analyzing 150 corn-based snack samples and obtaining measurement data from stable sodium tests compared to the data reported on the packaging. The results indicated the accuracy and linearity of the method through a linear regression curve and analysis of variance, as well as homogeneity and homoscedasticity by applying the t-statistic and the Cochran Q test. Finally, the conclusion is that the method provides fast, safe, reliable, and accurate results. The sample analyzed is in compliance with the regulations for low-sodium foods without a warning label. En la industria alimentaria es crucial validar los métodos analíticos para el análisis de nutrientes y componentes en productos alimenticios procesados, especialmente, con la reciente inclusión del sistema de etiquetado frontal de alimentos. En este artículo se presenta una metodología novedosa para determinar los niveles de sodio en pasabocas fritos a base de maíz. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la fiabilidad del método a la hora de proporcionar resultados precisos de forma consistente. La metodología consistió en una validación exhaustiva del método analítico de fotometría de llama para medir con precisión el contenido de sodio en pasabocas a base de maíz. Los resultados del equipo se linealizaron para el analito específico, y su precisión se determinó mediante curvas de calibración en cuatro puntos de control utilizando dos estándares de sodio. Un estándar era un control normalizado, y el segundo se preparó diluyendo directamente la matriz alimentaria de interés. Se determinaron los límites del equipo para la detección y cuantificación de sodio. La precisión se evaluó utilizando porcentajes experimentales de recuperación. Los resultados de la normalización del método se evaluaron durante 10 meses analizando 150 muestras de aperitivos a base de maíz y obteniendo datos de medición de las pruebas de sodio estable comparados con los datos indicados en el envase. Los resultados indicaron la precisión y linealidad del método mediante una curva de regresión lineal y un análisis de varianza, así como la homogeneidad y homocedasticidad aplicando el estadístico t y la prueba Q de Cochran. Finalmente, se concluye que el método proporciona resultados rápidos, seguros, fiables y precisos. Adicionalmente, se encontró que la muestra analizada cumple la normativa sobre alimentos bajos en sodio sin etiqueta de advertencia.

Historically, in its beginnings, sodium hypochlorite was only related to the bleaching of garments, however, over the years its use was extended to the medical area thanks to its disinfectant qualities, and its application continued in the field of dentistry, especially in endodontics, so much so that it has come to be considered today the gold standard in endodontic irrigation. This article aims to briefly highlight its importance in endodontics and the qualities that allow its continued use. Históricamente, en sus inicios, el hipoclorito de sodio sólo estaba relacionado con el blanqueamiento de prendas de vestir, sin embargo, con el paso de los años su uso se extendió al área médica gracias a sus cualidades desinfectantes, y su aplicación continuó en el campo de la odontología, especialmente en endodoncia, tanto así que ha llegado a ser considerado hoy en día como el estándar de oro en irrigación endodóntica. Este artículo pretende destacar brevemente su importancia en endodoncia y las cualidades que permiten su uso continuo.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of several final irrigation protocols on tubular permeability and push-out bond strength of an epoxy resin-based cement to radicular dentin. The crowns of 110 human teeth were removed to standardize at 17mm in length. The root canals were instrumented and irrigated with 5ml of 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. The samples were then randomly divided into 5 groups (n=22) according to the final irrigation protocol. Subsequently, the samples were subdivided into two different groups to assess dentin permeability or the evaluation of the push-out bond strength. In Group 1, all samples displayed the formation of brown-like precipitates. Group 2 and Group 5 demonstrated cleaner dentin walls. The push-out bond test after 72 hours denoted a significant difference when comparing Group 1 vs Group 2 and Group 1 vs Group 3. After thermocycling, a significant difference is observed between Group 1 and all remaining groups. The irrigation protocol using distilled water prior to irrigation with chlorhexidine significantly reduces the formation of intracanal precipitates by avoiding interactions between irrigants. The push-out bond strength of epoxy resin-based cement is directly influenced by the precipitates formed in the root canal after irrigation and the time of thermocycling. 

Introduction: This study investigated the effect of ingesting a sodium bicarbonate drink on specific physiological indicators following high-intensity exercise in advanced basketball players. Objective: The research aimed to assess the drink's impact on the fatigue index, anaerobic capacity, and blood lactate levels after intensive exercise. Methodology: The sample comprised sixteen players aged 19 to 27 years, divided into two groups. The experimental group received the sodium bicarbonate drink, whilst the control group received a placebo. All participants underwent standard pre- and post-tests for the measured variables. Results: The results demonstrated a notable improvement in the fatigue index and anaerobic capacity, alongside a significant decrease in lactate levels within the experimental group compared to the control group. Discussion: These findings align with several previous studies which indicated the potential role of external alkalising agents in enhancing high-intensity exercise performance by improving acid-base balance. Conclusions: The study concluded that a sodium bicarbonate drink reduces anaerobic fatigue and improves energy utilisation efficiency in athletes. Future research should focus on determining optimal dosages and timing for consumption. Introducción: Este estudio investigó el efecto de la ingestión de una bebida de bicarbonato de sodio sobre indicadores fisiológicos específicos tras ejercicios de alta intensidad en jugadores de baloncesto de nivel avanzado. Objetivo: La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de la bebida en el índice de fatiga, la capacidad anaeróbica y los niveles de lactato en sangre tras el esfuerzo intenso. Metodología: La muestra estuvo compuesta por dieciséis jugadores de 19 a 27 años, divididos en dos grupos. El grupo experimental recibió la bebida de bicarbonato de sodio, mientras que el grupo de control recibió un placebo. Todos los participantes se sometieron a pruebas estándar previas y posteriores para las variables medidas. Resultados: Los resultados demostraron una mejora notable en el índice de fatiga y la capacidad anaeróbica, junto con una disminución significativa de los niveles de lactato en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo de control. Discusión: Estos hallazgos concuerdan con varios estudios previos que indicaron el papel potencial de los agentes alcalinizantes externos para mejorar el rendimiento en ejercicios de alta intensidad mediante la mejora del equilibrio ácido-base. Conclusiones: El estudio concluyó que una bebida de bicarbonato de sodio reduce la fatiga anaeróbica y mejora la eficiencia en la utilización de energía en atletas. Investigaciones futuras deberían centrarse en determinar las dosis y el momento óptimo de consumo. Introdução: Este estudo investigou o efeito da ingestão de uma bebida de bicarbonato de sódio nos indicadores fisiológicos específicos do exercício de alta intensidade em jogadores de balão de nível avançado. Objectivo: A investigação tem como objectivo avaliar o impacto da bebida no índice de fadiga, a capacidade anaeróbia e os níveis de lactato no sangue para além do esforço intenso. Metodologia: A mostra foi composta por dieciséis jogadores dos 19 aos 27 anos, divididos em dois grupos. O grupo experimental recebeu uma bebida de bicarbonato de sódio, enquanto o grupo de controlo recebeu um placebo. Todos os participantes foram testados em visualizações padrão e posteriores para medidas variáveis. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram uma melhoria notável no índice de fadiga e na capacidade anaeróbia, juntamente com uma diminuição significativa dos níveis de lactato no Grupo experimental em comparação com o Grupo de controlo. Discussão: Estes hallazgos concordam com vários estudos anteriores que indicam o potencial papel dos agentes alcalinizantes externos para melhorar o rendimento em exercícios de alta intensidade através da melhoria do equilíbrio ácido-base. Conclusões: O estudo concluiu que uma bebida de bicarbonato de sódio reduz a fadiga anaeróbia e melhora a eficiência na utilização de energia em atletas. As investigações futuras deverão focar-se na determinação da dosagem e do momento ideal de consumo.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of 25% and 50% NaCl with KCl coupled with high pressure processing (100 MPa for 5 min at 25°C), on sensory and chemical qualities of beef sausage for 28 days' storage at 4°C. Three sausage formulations were produced with different concentrations of NaCl (100%, 75% and 50%) and KCl (0%, 25% and 50% respectively). High pressure application reduced the total NaCl content and improved the sensory acceptance for taste and flavor compared to control beef sausages. The addition of KCl showed the lowest values for Na + content; the highest scores for all sensory parameters, improved hardness and chewiness, with results not statistically different from the results obtained by combining HPP and KCl. Therefore, the use of HPP in combination with KCl was considered a technological and sensorial viable alternative to produce low sodium beef sausages.

The effects of the partial substitution of NaCl with KCl, MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 on the chemical forces and hardness of heat-induced myofibrillar protein (MP) gel were investigated. Compared with the normal-sodium-level MP gels (0.6 mol/L NaCl), low-sodium-level MP gels (0.4 mol/L NaCl) resulted in weaker disulphide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and stronger hydrogen bonds. Partial substitution of NaCl with KCl had no significant impacts on the chemical forces. MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 contributed to stronger hydrophobic interactions, and weaker hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions (p < 0.05), while they had no significant impacts on disulphide bonds. Gel hardness was weakened with the low level of sodium, and strengthened with the substitution of NaCl with MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 . The enhancement of gel hardness with the substitution of NaCl with MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 suggested that stronger attractive forces and weaker repulsive forces contributed to stronger hardness.

Background: Coronary heart disease is a major cause of illness and death in the elderly. Troponin I is a biomarker of myocardial injury and is often elevated in cardiovascular conditions. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity, blood pressure, and diet may influence cardiovascular health and troponin levels. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between physical activity, blood pressure, and nutritional intake, including sodium and fatty foods, with troponin I levels among elderly patients with coronary heart disease at Baiturrahim Hospital, Jambi. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 elderly patients with coronary heart disease using consecutive sampling. Physical activity was assessed using IPAQ, blood pressure was measured with a sphygmomanometer, and dietary intake was evaluated using SQ-FFQ. Troponin I levels were obtained from hospital laboratory records. Data were analyzed using chi-square and multivariate regression tests (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 37% of respondents had elevated troponin I levels. Bivariate analysis showed that low physical activity (p = 0.018), hypertension (p = 0.006), high sodium intake (p = 0.013), and high fatty food consumption (p = 0.041) were significantly associated with elevated troponin I levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was the most strongly associated factor (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.68–5.79), followed by low physical activity (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.32–4.65), high sodium intake (AOR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.27–4.41), and high fatty food consumption (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.05–3.58). Conclusion: Physical activity, blood pressure, and dietary intake (sodium and fatty foods) were significantly associated with troponin I levels in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Antecedentes: La enfermedad coronaria es una de las principales causas de enfermedad y muerte en la población adulta mayor. La troponina I es un biomarcador de lesión miocárdica que suele elevarse en enfermedades cardiovasculares. Factores del estilo de vida como la actividad física, la presión arterial y la dieta pueden influir en la salud cardiovascular y en los niveles de troponina. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la actividad física, la presión arterial y la ingesta nutricional, incluyendo sodio y alimentos grasos, con los niveles de troponina I en pacientes adultos mayores con enfermedad coronaria en el Hospital Baiturrahim de Jambi. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 100 pacientes adultos mayores con enfermedad coronaria mediante muestreo consecutivo. La actividad física se evaluó con el cuestionario IPAQ, la presión arterial con esfigmomanómetro y la ingesta dietética con SQ-FFQ. Los niveles de troponina I se obtuvieron de registros de laboratorio hospitalario. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión multivariada (p < 0,05). Resultados: El 37% presentó niveles elevados de troponina I. Se encontró asociación significativa con baja actividad física (p = 0,018), hipertensión (p = 0,006), alta ingesta de sodio (p = 0,013) y alto consumo de alimentos grasos (p = 0,041). La regresión logística multivariada mostró que la hipertensión fue el factor más fuertemente asociado (AOR = 3,12; IC 95%: 1,68–5,79), seguida de la baja actividad física (AOR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,32–4,65), alta ingesta de sodio (AOR = 2,36; IC 95%: 1,27–4,41) y alto consumo de grasas (AOR = 1,94; IC 95%: 1,05–3,58). Conclusión: La actividad física, la presión arterial y la ingesta dietética (sodio y alimentos grasos) se asociaron significativamente con los niveles de troponina I en pacientes adultos mayores con enfermedad coronaria. Enquadramento: A doença arterial coronária é uma das principais causas de morbilidade e mortalidade na população idosa. A troponina I é um biomarcador de lesão miocárdica que se encontra frequentemente elevada nas doenças cardiovasculares. Os fatores do estilo de vida, como a atividade física, a pressão arterial e a dieta, podem influenciar a saúde cardiovascular e os níveis de troponina. Objectivo: Analisar a associação entre a actividade física, a pressão arterial e a ingestão nutricional, incluindo sódio e alimentos gordos, com os níveis de troponina I em doentes idosos com doença arterial coronária no Hospital Baiturrahim, em Jambi. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 100 doentes idosos com doença arterial coronária, utilizando uma amostragem consecutiva. A atividade física foi avaliada pelo questionário IPAQ, a pressão arterial foi medida com um esfigmomanómetro e a ingestão alimentar foi avaliada pelo questionário SQ-FFQ. Os níveis de troponina I foram obtidos a partir dos registos laboratoriais do hospital. A análise dos dados foi realizada através de testes de qui-quadrado e regressão multivariada (p < 0,05). Resultados: 37% dos participantes apresentaram níveis elevados de troponina I. Foi encontrada uma associação significativa com baixa atividade física (p = 0,018), hipertensão (p = 0,006), elevada ingestão de sódio (p = 0,013) e elevado consumo de alimentos gordos (p = 0,041). A regressão logística multivariada mostrou que a hipertensão foi o fator mais fortemente associado (OR = 3,12; IC 95%: 1,68–5,79), seguida pela baixa atividade física (OR = 2,48; IC 95%: 1,32–4,65), elevada ingestão de sódio (OR = 2,36; IC 95%: 1,27–4,41) e elevado consumo de gordura (OR = 1,94; IC 95%: 1,05–3,58). Conclusão: A atividade física, a pressão arterial e a ingestão alimentar (sódio e alimentos gordos) estiveram significativamente associadas aos níveis de troponina I em doentes idosos com doença arterial coronária.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the combination of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) and its application after ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in root canal irrigation procedures on the microhardness and mineral content of dentin. Distal roots of mandibular third molars were embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, sectioned coronally to apically resulting in fifty-four root sections. Thirty sections underwent microhardness evaluation, and twenty-four sections were randomly chosen for mineral analysis. The microhardness assessment comprised three groups: Group 1 (2.5% NaOCl), Group 2 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC), and Group 3 (2.5% NaOCl with 0.084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Initial and post-irrigation microhardness values were measured for each group. For mineral analysis, samples were categorized into four groups: distilled water, 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC, and 17% EDTA+2.5% NaOCl with 0.084% BAC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy immediately measured magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium mineral contents on dentin surfaces post-irrigation. Results indicated a significant reduction in root dentin microhardness for all solutions (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference in the percentage of reduction was observed among the groups (p>0.05). XPS analysis revealed no significant disparity in dentin surface mineral content among the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of Benzalkonium chloride to sodium hypochloride, either alone or after EDTA, did not induce a significant alteration in dentin microhardness or mineral content. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of dental irrigation protocols and their effects on dentin properties during endodontic procedures. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el impacto de la combinación de cloruro de benzalconio (BAC) e hipocloruro de sodio (NaOCl) y su aplicación después del ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) en procedimientos de irrigación del conducto radicular sobre la microdureza y el contenido mineral de la dentina. Las raíces distales de los terceros molares mandibulares se incluyeron en resina acrílica autopolimerizable y se seccionaron de coronal a apical, lo que dió como resultado cincuenta y cuatro secciones de raíz. Treinta secciones se sometieron a una evaluación de microdureza y veinticuatro secciones fueron elegidas al azar para el análisis mineral. La evaluación de la microdureza comprendió tres grupos: Grupo 1 (2,5% NaOCl), Grupo 2 (2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC) y Grupo 3 (2,5% NaOCl con 0,084 BAC post-17% EDTA). Para cada grupo se midieron los valores de microdureza inicial y post-irrigación. Para el análisis mineral, las muestras se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: agua destilada, 2,5% NaOCl, 2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC y 17% EDTA+2,5% NaOCl con 0,084% BAC. La espectroscopía fotoelectrónica de rayos X midió inmediatamente el contenido de minerales de magnesio, fósforo y calcio en las superficies de la dentina después de la irrigación. Los resultados indicaron una reducción significativa en la microdureza de la dentina radicular para todas las soluciones (p<0,05). Sin embargo, no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de reducción entre los grupos (p>0,05). El análisis XPS no reveló ninguna disparidad significativa en el contenido mineral de la superficie de la dentina entre los grupos (p>0,05). En conclusión, la adición de cloruro de benzalconio al hipocloruro de sodio, solo o después de EDTA, no indujo una alteración significativa en la microdureza o el contenido mineral de la dentina. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a una comprensión matizada de los protocolos de irrigación dental y sus efectos sobre las propiedades de la dentina durante los procedimientos de endodoncia.