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Studies have documented biodiversity losses due to intensification of coffee management (reduction in canopy richness and complexity). Nevertheless, questions remain regarding relative sensitivity of different taxa, habitat specialists, and functional groups, and whether implications for biodiversity conservation vary across regions. We quantitatively reviewed data from ant, bird, and tree biodiversity studies in coffee agroecosystems to address the following questions: Does species richness decline with intensification or with individual vegetation characteristics? Are there significant losses of species richness in coffee-management systems compared with forests? Is species loss greater for forest species or for particular functional groups? and Are ants or birds more strongly affected by intensification? Across studies, ant and bird richness declined with management intensification and with changes in vegetation. Species richness of all ants and birds and of forest ant and bird species was lower in most coffee agroecosystems than in forests, but rustic coffee (grown under native forest canopies) had equal or greater ant and bird richness than nearby forests. Sun coffee (grown without canopy trees) sustained the highest species losses, and species loss of forest ant, bird, and tree species increased with management intensity. Losses of ant and bird species were similar, although losses of forest ants were more drastic in rustic coffee. Richness of migratory birds and of birds that forage across vegetation strata was less affected by intensification than richness of resident, canopy, and understory bird species. Rustic farms protected more species than other coffee systems, and loss of species depended greatly on habitat specialization and functional traits. We recommend that forest be protected, rustic coffee be promoted, and intensive coffee farms be restored by augmenting native tree density and richness and allowing growth of epiphytes. We also recommend that future research focus on potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and farmer livelihoods stemming from coffee production.

RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o panorama das produções acadêmico-científicas sobre a interface entre a psicologia analítica de Carl Gustav Jung e o psicodrama de Jacob Levy Moreno, destacando este último como recurso facilitador para a exploração da Sombra. A pesquisa, de caráter descritivo e exploratório, baseia-se em levantamento de literatura narrativa, utilizando dados secundários obtidos através do Google Acadêmico, Pepsic e Scielo, abrangendo artigos, monografias, dissertações e teses dos últimos 15 anos. A análise indicou uma dificuldade em encontrar artigos que conectem diretamente as abordagens de Jung e Moreno. Em suma, reconhecer a integração entre essas áreas é pertinente para a compreensão do manejo da Sombra e para aprimorar práticas terapêuticas, a partir da teoria junguiana, enriquecendo o desenvolvimento pessoal e ampliando o suporte psicológico. ABSTRACT This work aims to describe the landscape of academic and scientific productions on the interface between Carl Gustav Jung’s analytical psychology and Jacob Levy Moreno’s Psychodrama, highlighting the latter as a facilitating tool for exploring the Shadow. The research, of a descriptive and exploratory nature, is based on a narrative literature review, utilizing secondary data obtained from Google Scholar, Pepsic, and Scielo, including articles, theses, dissertations, and monographs from the last 15 years. The analysis revealed a difficulty in finding articles that directly connect the approaches of Jung and Moreno. In summary, recognizing the integration between these fields is relevant for understanding the management of the Shadow and for improving therapeutic practices based on Jungian theory, enriching personal development and expanding psychological support. RESÚMEN Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir el panorama de las producciones académicas y científicas sobre la interfaz entre la psicología analítica de Carl Gustav Jung y el psicodrama de Jacob Levy Moreno, destacando este último como un recurso facilitador para la exploración de la Sombra. La investigación, de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio, se basa en un levantamiento de literatura narrativa, utilizando datos secundarios obtenidos a través de Google Académico, Pepsic y Scielo, abarcando artículos, monografías, tesis y disertaciones de los últimos 15 años. El análisis indicó una dificultad para encontrar artículos que conecten directamente los enfoques de Jung y Moreno. En resumen, reconocer la integración entre estas áreas es pertinente para la comprensión del manejo de la Sombra y para mejorar las prácticas terapéuticas a partir de la teoría junguiana, enriqueciendo el desarrollo personal y ampliando el apoyo psicológico.

In The Robber Bride and its sequel, “I Dream of Zenia with the Bright Red Teeth,” Margaret Atwood underscores the complex feminine identity through the femme fatale, who is depicted using mythic Gothic figures, such as the vampire. Atwood contradicts socially-sanctioned roles for women. She shapes newer and more complete social and personal female identities, questioning how inadequately the patriarchal system represents their multiplicity. The author describes how the protagonists challenge the patriarchal definition of the feminine Self on their Jungian journey towards individuation, for which the fatal woman, as the Shadow Self, acts as a catalyst.

Two contrasting strategies have been proposed for conserving biological diversity while meeting the increasing demand for agricultural products: land sparing and land sharing production systems. Land sparing involves increasing yield to reduce the amount of land needed for agriculture, whereas land-sharing agricultural practices incorporate elements of native ecosystems into the production system itself. Although the conservation value of these systems has been extensively debated, empirical studies are lacking. We compared bird communities in shade coffee, a widely practiced land-sharing system in which shade trees are maintained within the coffee plantation, with bird communities in a novel, small-scale, land-sparing coffee-production system (integrated open canopy or IOC coffee) in which farmers obtain higher yields under little or no shade while conserving an area of forest equal to the area under cultivation. Species richness and diversity of forest-dependent birds were higher in the IOC coffee farms than in the shade coffee farms, and community composition was more similar between IOC coffee and primary forest than between shade coffee and primary forest. Our study represents the first empirical comparison of well-defined land sparing and land sharing production systems. Because IOC coffee farms can be established by allowing forest to regenerate on degraded land, widespread adoption of this system could lead to substantial increases in forest cover and carbon sequestration without compromising agricultural yield or threatening the livelihoods of traditional small farmers. However, we studied small farms (<5 ha); thus, our results may not generalize to large-scale land-sharing systems. Furthermore, rather than concluding that land sparing is generally superior to land sharing, we suggest that the optimal approach depends on the crop, local climate, and existing land-use patterns. Se han propuesto dos estrategias contrastantes para la conservación de la biodiversidad al mismo tiempo que se satisface la demanda creciente de productos agrícolas: sistemas de producción mediante la reservación de tierras o el uso múltiple de tierras. La reservación de tierras implica incrementar la productividad para reducir la cantidad de tierra requerida para la agricultura, mientras que las prácticas de uso múltiple de tierras incorporan elementos de ecosistemas nativos en el sistema de producción mismo. Aunque el valor de conservación de estos sistemas ha sido debatido extensivamente, hay escasez de estudios empíricos. Comparamos las comunidades de aves en café de sombra, un sistema de uso múltiple de tierras practicado ampliamente en el que se mantienen árboles de sombra dentro de la plantación de café, con las comunidades de aves en un sistema de producción de café novedoso, a pequeña escala, en tierras reservadas (café de dosel abierto integrado o DAI) en el que los pequeño productor obtienen mayor producción bajo poca o ninguna sombra al mismo tiempo que conservan una superficie de bosque igual al área bajo cultivo. La riqueza y diversidad de especies de aves dependientes del bosque fueron mayores en las plantaciones de café DAI que en las de café de sombra, y la composición de la comunidad fue más similar entre el café DAI y el bosque primario que entre el café de sombra y el bosque primario. Nuestro estudio es la primera comparación empírica de sistemas de producción mediante la reservación de tierras y el uso múltiple de tierras bien definidos. Debido a que las parcelas de café DAI pueden ser establecidas permitiendo que los bosques en suelos degradados se regeneren, la adopción extensiva de este sistema podría llevar a incrementos sustanciales de la cobertura de bosques y del secuestro de carbono sin comprometer la producción agrícola ni amenazar la forma de vida tradicional de los pequeños productores. Sin embargo, estudiamos parcelas pequeñas (<5 ha); por lo tanto, pueden que nuestros resultados no sean generalizables a sistemas de reservación de tierras a mayor escala. Más aun, en vez de concluir que la reservación de tierras generalmente es superior al uso múltiple de tierras, sugerimos que la aproximación óptima depende del cultivo, el clima local y de los patrones de uso de suelo existentes.

The regenerative success of generalist and specialist species may be due to differences in their physiology. Measurements of stomatal conductance (gS) provide an efficient way to infer immediate physiological responses of plants to diurnal environment variation. Radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were measured in the Colombian Amazon rainforest, to identify the extreme environmental conditions that limit the gS of seedlings in three site types: small gap, open forest, and closed forest. We hypothesized that the diurnal physiological performance of generalist species must be plastic in these three environments. Morphological traits, gS, and leaf temperature were evaluated in seedlings of four species: one generalist, common to all sites, and one specialist from each site. The gap site was warmer and more irradiated than the other two sites, which caused several midday physiological depressions, limited seedling survival, and facilitated the specialized strategy. Leaf and air temperatures were strong determinants of overall gS. The generalist species was physiologically plastic and, at some hours of the day, more efficient than the specialists from open forest andclosed forests. This factor interplay could allow the coexistence of both types of plants.

Standardized test scores play a central role in determining college admission decisions in both developed and emerging countries. For that reason, many courses are offered by schools and other educational institutions to prepare students for the exams. However, it is still unclear whether additional preparation has a positive and significant effect. The objective of this paper is to use the results of the Colombian high-school exit examination to gain a better understanding of the relationship between preparation and test results. Our results show that, on average, preparatory activities are associated with an increase of approximately 0.06 standard deviations in scores.

Archivo histórico de Kipus: Revista Andina de Letras y Estudios Culturales, 1999.

Actualmente hay cierto consenso en que el colapso de Lehman Brothers fue provocado por una corrida en el Sistema Bancario en la Sombra en 2008 (Pozsar, et al., 2010; Gorton y Metrick, 2012; Vasudevan, 2018). La relevancia de este asentimiento se mantiene hasta nuestros días, no solamente se mantuvo después de la crisis, sino que ha crecido en virtud de la reivindicación que ha tenido dicho concepto mediante el discurso institucional renombrándolo como Instituciones Financieras No Bancarias, nombre que comúnmente se puede encontrar en la literatura económica, para dejar atrás algún vestigio peyorativo sobre este. No obstante, el presente trabajo pretende hacer visible que no se trató de un simple cambio en la manera de referirse a éste, sino que tiene implicaciones más profundas. Bajo el discurso institucional internacional, pasó de ser nombrado Sistema Bancario en las Sombras, previo, durante e inmediatamente después del colapso de Lehman Brothers, para ser señalado como el culpable de la crisis, a las Instituciones Financieras No Bancarias. Quince años después, en virtud de se consideró como algo necesario para acceder al crédito, a los inversionistas no bancarios como una manera de obtener financiación barata para los bancos, lo que a su vez se traduce en crédito barato para los hogares. En consecuencia, hay incentivos para permitir que forme parte del ecosistema financiero.

We compared the species diversity of copronecrophagous beetles (Scarabaeinae), bats, and frogs in tropical montane cloud forest (original vegetation) and shaded coffee plantations (an agroecosystem common to the region) for a landscape in central Veracruz, Mexico. We sampled in three tropical montane cloud forest fragments and in three coffee plantations with traditional polyculture shade between 1998 and 2001. The three indicator groups responded differently to the transformation of tropical montane cloud forest into shaded coffee plantations. The species richness of frogs was one-fifth less in coffee plantations than in forest fragments, and only one-third of the frog species occurred in both forest fragments and coffee plantations. The number of beetle species and their abundance was significantly greater in coffee plantations than in the forest fragments, whereas species richness and species composition of bats were virtually the same in both habitats. The majority of the abundant species remained as such in both communities, but species that were less abundant were not scarce in both habitats. We attributed differences in the species assemblages to the differing degrees of penetrability of the borders of the two habitat types (especially for the coffee plantations) and to the differences in life-history traits among species. Shaded coffee plantations form a matrix that envelops the remaining fragments of cloud forest. Together they connect the forest fragments with the other habitats of the landscape and represent a highly functional resource for the preservation of biodiversity that serves as a complement to but not a substitute for cloud forest in this notably modified landscape.

Este artigo discute a utilização da máscara como instrumento de trabalho no Psicodrama. A pesquisa é embasada no referencial teórico de Moreno, ao articular psicodramatistas contemporâneos e conceitos da Psicologia Analítica de Jung. Compreende-se que a máscara, usada no contexto psicodramático, concretiza personagens e papéis sociais, repletos de conservas culturais, que camuflam o drama individual do sujeito impedido de atuar na vida em sua plenitude. O trabalho psicoterápico consiste em equilibrar a luz e a sombra do que as máscaras representam.