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"SPACE COOLING"
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Introduction to spacecraft thermal design
\"Develop a fundamental understanding of heat transfer analysis techniques as applied to earth based spacecraft with this practical guide. Written in a tutorial style, this essential text provides a how-to manual tailored for those who wish to understand and develop spacecraft thermal analyses. Providing an overview of basic heat transfer analysis fundamentals such as thermal circuits, limiting resistance, MLI, environmental thermal sources and sinks, as well as contemporary space based thermal technologies, and the distinctions between design considerations inherent to room temperature and cryogenic temperature applications, this is the perfect tool for graduate students, professionals and academic researchers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Space cooling using geothermal single‐effect water/lithium bromide absorption chiller
This research is proposed to fully investigate the performance of a single‐effect water/lithium bromide absorption chiller driven by geothermal energy. Since absorption cycles are considered as low‐grade energy cycles, this innovative idea of rejecting fluid from a single‐flash geothermal power plant with low‐grade energy would serve as efficient, economical, and promising technology. In order to examine the feasibility of this approach, a residential building which is located in Sharjah, UAE, considered to evaluate its cooling capacity of 39 kW which is calculated using MATLAB software. Based on the obtained cooling load, modeling of the required water/lithium bromide single‐effect absorption chiller machine is implemented and discussed. A detailed performance analysis of the proposed model under different conditions is performed using Engineering Equation Solver software (EES). Based on the obtained results, the major factors in the design of the proposed system are the size of the heat exchangers and the input heat source temperature. The results are presented graphically to find out the geofluid temperature and mass flow and solution heat exchanger effectiveness effects on the chiller thermal performance. Moreover, the effects of the size of all components of the absorption chiller on the cooling load to meet the space heating are presented. The thermal efficiency of the single‐flash geothermal power plant is about 13% when the power plant is at production well temperature 250℃, separator pressure 0.24 MPa, and condenser pressure 7.5 kPa. The results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) reaches about 0.87 at solution heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.9, when the geofluid temperature is 120℃. 1. Performance analysis of geothermal water/lithium bromide absorption chiller is presented. 2. Cooling load of the absorption chiller was determined for a residential building. 3. MATLAB and EES software are used in the analysis. 4. Size of heat exchangers and heat source inlet temperature are the most effective parameters on performance. 5. Graphical diagrams are presented for the results.
Journal Article
The Cooling Effect and Its Stability in Urban Green Space in the Context of Global Warming: A Case Study of Changchun, China
The urban heat island effect, triggered by global warming and rapid urbanization, has negatively impacted residents’ lives. It has been shown that urban green space (UGS) can improve the urban thermal environment. However, the stability and influencing factors of the urban green space cooling effect (UGSCE) in the context of climate change remain unclear. In this paper, we study the area within the Fifth Ring Road of Changchun City, using multi-source remote sensing image data to quantify and analyze the influencing factors of the cooling effect of urban green space and its stability on both regional and patch scales. The results show that on the regional scale, urban green spaces in Changchun have a strong cooling effect on the surrounding environment, which increases with the surface temperature (LST). However, there is a large fluctuation in the cooling effect. On the patch scale, the cooling effect of 35 green spaces showed a small increasing trend from 2013 to 2024. The cooling extent (CE) was more stable across temperatures relative to the cooling intensity (CI). Factors such as the green space area (A), perimeter (P), landscape shape index (LSI), and mean enhanced vegetation index (MEVI) had different degrees of influence on the cooling effect of green space and its stability. Green spaces with a high MEVI had a stronger cooling effect and stability. Based on this, planning suggestions such as increasing vegetation amount, maintaining green space area, optimizing green space morphology, and focusing on blue–green space are proposed to enhance the cooling effect of urban green space and its stability, which would improve the thermal environment of the city and enhance the comfort of residents. This study provides a reference basis for the scientific planning of urban green space and provides a scientific basis and practical guidance for the sustainable development of the city.
Journal Article
A global analysis of residential heating and cooling service demand and cost-effective energy consumption under different climate change scenarios up to 2050
Climate change and energy service demand exert influence on each other through temperature change and greenhouse gas emissions. We have consistently evaluated global residential thermal demand and energy consumption up to the year 2050 under different climate change scenarios. We first constructed energy service demand intensity (energy service demand per household) functions for each of three services (space heating, space cooling, and water heating). The space heating and cooling demand in 2050 in the world as a whole become 2.1–2.3 and 3.8–4.5 times higher than the figures for 2010, whose ranges are originated from different global warming scenarios. Cost-effective residential energy consumption to satisfy service demand until 2050 was analyzed keeping consistency among different socio-economic conditions, ambient temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission pathways using a global energy assessment model. Building shell improvement and fuel fuel-type transition reduce global final energy consumption for residential thermal heating by 30% in 2050 for a 2 °C target scenario. This study demonstrates that climate change affects residential space heating and cooling demand by regions, and their desirable strategies for cost-effective energy consumption depend on the global perspectives on CO2 emission reduction. Building shell improvement and energy efficiency improvement and fuel fuel-type transition of end-use technologies are considered to be robust measures for residential thermal demand under uncertain future CO2 emission pathways.
Journal Article
Is Ground Source Heat Pump the Future of Space Cooling in Southeast Asia?
The rapid economic growth of Southeast Asian countries is followed by accelerated population and energy demand growth. On the other hand, the region still relies heavily on fossil fuels as the primary source of electricity. As a result, there is a growing concern about future regional energy sustainability. Space cooling has become one of the fastest-growing energy sectors. Introducing a new space cooling technology capable of providing a higher thermal efficiency can be an alternative solution. The Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) is a proven technology to reduce the required energy for space cooling and heating in four-season countries. However, its performance in the tropical climate is still questionable. This paper describes the challenges of GSHP application in tropical climates, such as in Southeast Asia. The research conducted to investigate the suitability of GSHP system application in Southeast Asia is also discussed. While more data are being gathered from several GSHP pilot tests in Vietnam and Thailand, the short to medium-term performance data analysis shows its advantages over the conventional Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) or standard air conditioner. However, extensive research is still required to evaluate its long-term performance and the financial advantages over the ASHP.
Journal Article
Yearly Energy Performance Assessment of Employing Expanded Polystyrene with Variable Temperature and Moisture–Thermal Conductivity Relationship
This paper investigated the impact of the changes of thermal conductivity of an expanded polystyrene insulation layer embedded in a typical residential building on the cooling effect at different temperatures and moisture contents. The simulation was performed using expanded polystyrene (EPS) in the extremely hot conditions of Al-Ain (United Arab Emirates, UAE) at different levels of density, denoted as low density LD (12 kg/m3), high density HD (20 kg/m3), ultra-high density UHD (30 kg/m3), and super-high density SHD (35 kg/m3), and three moisture content levels (10%, 20%, and 30%), compared to dry LD insulation material. The thermal performance of the building incorporating polystyrene with variable thermal conductivity (λ-value) was compared to one with a constant thermal conductivity by assessing the additional cooling demand and capacity due to the λ-relationship with time, using e-quest as a building energy analysis tool. The results showed that, when the λ-value was modeled as a function of operating temperature, its effect on the temperature profile during daytime was significant compared with the use of a constant λ-value. The monthly energy consumption for cooling required by the building was found to be higher in the case of variable thermal conductivity for the LD sample. The yearly average change in space cooling demand and cooling capacity when employing polystyrenes with constant and variable thermal conductivity increased with the increase of the moisture content. Indeed, the highest changes in cooling demand and capacity were 6.5% and 8.8% with 30% moisture content polystyrene.
Journal Article
Characteristics and Application Analysis of a Novel Full Fresh Air System Using Only Geothermal Energy for Space Cooling and Dehumidification
To effectively reduce building energy consumption, a novel full fresh air system with a heat source tower (HST) and a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) was proposed for space cooling and dehumidification in this paper. The cooling system only adopts geothermal energy to produce dry and cold fresh air for space cooling and dehumidification through the BHE and HST, which has the advantage of non-condensate water compared to BHE systems integrated with a fan coil or chilled beam. Based on the established mathematical model of the cooling system, this paper analyzed the system characteristics, feasibility, operation strategy, energy performance, and cost-effectiveness of the proposed model in detail. The results show that the mathematical model has less than 10% error in estimating the system performance compared to the practical HST–BHE experimental set up. Under the specific boundary conditions, the cooling and dehumidification capacity of this system increases with the decrease in the air temperature, air moisture content, and inlet water temperature of the HST. The optimal cooling capacity and the system COP can be achieved when the air–water flow ratio is at 4:3. A case study was conducted in a residential building in Shenyang with an area of about 1800 m2. It was found that this system can fully meet the cooling and dehumidification demand in such a residential building. The operation strategy of the cooling system can be optimized by adjusting the air–water flow ratio from 4:3 to 3:2 during the early cooling season (7 June–1 July) and end cooling season (3 August–1 September). As a result, the average COP of the cooling system during the whole cooling season can be improved from 6.1 to 8.7. Compared with the air source heat pump (ASHP) and the ground source heat pump (GSHP) for space cooling, the proposed cooling system can achieve an energy saving rate of 123% and 26%, respectively. Considering that the BHE of the GSHP can be part of the proposed HST–BHE cooling system, the integration of the HST and GHSP for space cooling (and heating) is strongly recommended in actual applications.
Journal Article
Space Cooling Energy Potential of Domestic Cold Water before Household Consumption in Cold-Climate Regions
Space cooling energy consumption in residential buildings has tripled globally over the past three decades, leading to a significant increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and building operating costs. To reduce building cooling energy consumption, cooling energy can be recovered from domestic cold water (DCW) for space cooling by circulating DCW through thermally massive walls (herein “DCW-wall”) before regular household consumption (e.g., showers). This approach is more effective in cold climate regions since the DCW is cooler in these regions, yet its engineering design and effectiveness have not been evaluated previously. This study evaluated the cooling potential of DCW-walls in different operation scenarios (e.g., inlet temperatures, zone temperatures, and piping configurations). A typical DCW usage pattern and a daily amount of 1200 L were selected for evaluation. Three-dimensional transient thermal simulations were used to obtain the water outlet temperatures, average wall surface temperatures, and cooling potentials. The results showed that a DCW wall with a spiral piping configuration and DCW inlet at 12 °C can deliver 21.92 MJ of cooling energy daily to a zone at 25 °C. This amount of free energy can cover up to approximately 11% of the annual cooling energy demand of a four-person dwelling in Toronto, Canada, which has a warm and humid summer.
Journal Article
Performance Evaluation of an Active PCM Thermal Energy Storage System for Space Cooling in Residential Buildings
This paper presents a numerical simulation-based study that evaluates the potential of an active phase change material (PCM) incorporated thermal energy storage (TES) system for space cooling in residential buildings. In the proposed concept, TES system is composed of stand-alone PCM storage units which are installed between the concrete ceiling slab and the ceiling finishing layer. Active control of the thermal energy storage is achieved by night cooling of a phase change material by means of cold water flowing within a capillary pipe system. Effectiveness of the system under the typical summer conditions of the Baltic States is analysed by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software
. Results showed that installation of the active TES system has a positive effect on thermal comfort, reducing the average indoor air temperature by 6.8 °C. The outcome of this investigation would be helpful in selecting the key characteristics of the system in order to achieve the optimum performance of an active TES system for space cooling of buildings in similar climates.
Journal Article
Global scenarios of residential heating and cooling energy demand and CO2 emissions
Buildings account for 36% of global final energy demand and are key to mitigating climate change. Assessing the evolution of the global building stock and its energy demand is critical to support mitigation strategies. However, most global studies lack granularity and overlook heterogeneity in the building sector, limiting the evaluation of demand transformation scenarios. We develop global residential building scenarios along the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) 1–3 and assess the evolution of building stock, energy demand, and CO
2
emissions for space heating and cooling with MESSAGEix-Buildings, a modelling framework soft-linked to an integrated assessment framework. MESSAGEix-Buildings combines bottom-up modelling of energy demand, stock turnover, and discrete choice modelling for energy efficiency decisions, and accounts for heterogeneity in geographical contexts, socio-economics, and buildings characteristics.
Global CO
2
emissions for space heating are projected to decrease between 34.4 (SSP3) and 52.5% (SSP1) by 2050 under energy efficiency improvements and electrification. Space cooling demand starkly rises in developing countries, with CO
2
emissions increasing globally by 58.2 (SSP1) to 85.2% (SSP3) by 2050. Scenarios substantially differ in the uptake of energy efficient new construction and renovations, generally higher for single-family homes, and in space cooling patterns across income levels and locations, with most of the demand in the global south driven by medium- and high-income urban households. This study contributes an advancement in the granularity of building sector knowledge to be assessed in integration with other sources of emissions in the context of global climate change mitigation and sustainable development.
Journal Article