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Bos frontalis Lambert, 1804 and Bos gaurus Hamilton-Smith, 1827 are the domestic and wild forms, respectively, of the bovid commonly called the gaur. It is the world’s largest cattle species. Bos gaurus is endemic to south and southeastern Asia, and today, the majority of its population occurs in India. It is sexually dimorphic, with adult males having a distinctive dorsal ridge and often a dewlap. Although B. gaurus consumes numerous browse species, it is primarily a grazer. Except for older males, all other B. gaurus are nearly always found in herds. It is classified as a Vulnerable species, and in 2011–2012, the first reintroductions of B. gaurus occurred in central India.

Lagothrix flavicauda (Humboldt, 1812), commonly known as the yellow-tailed woolly monkey, is one of the largest New World primates. Its diet is based on fruits and leaves, and occasionally flowers, buds, epiphyte roots, invertebrates, and some vertebrates. It is endemic to the cloud forests of northern Peru, in Amazonas, San Martín, Huánuco, Junín, La Libertad, and Loreto departments at elevations from 1,000 to 2,800 m. It lives in groups of up to 30 individuals. Lagothrix flavicauda is listed as “Critically Endangered” (CR) by both the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and under Peruvian legislation, and on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Fukomys anselli (Burda, Zima, Scharff, Macholán, and Kawalika 1999) is a bathyergid commonly known as Ansell's mole-rat. This tooth-digging subterranean rodent lives in cooperatively breeding family groups. It is a small-bodied representative of the genus Fukomys, whose members are distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. Fukomys anselli is endemic to central Zambia and occurs in mesic woodland and agricultural areas. In rural settings, F. anselli is frequently hunted for consumption, but it is unclear whether this significantly impacts its population integrity. Fukomys anselli is listed as “Least Concern” (LC) with a declining population trend by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.

Fukomys mechowii (Peters, 1881), the giant mole-rat or Mechow's mole-rat, is a cooperatively breeding, tooth-digging, subterranean rodent. It is the largest representative of the genus Fukomys, which is part of the African mole-rat family Bathyergidae. It is found in mesic shrubland, savannah habitats, and agricultural lands in central Africa, its range extending through Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia. Fukomys mechowii is hunted for its meat in rural areas but its population is considered to be stable. It is rarely housed in captivity and is listed as “Least Concern” (LC) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.

Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758), the golden jackal, is a medium-sized, wide spread, terrestrial carnivore. It is 1 of 7 species found in the genus Canis. It ranges from Africa to Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. Due to its tolerance of dry habitats and its omnivorous diet, C. aureus can live in a wide variety of habitats. It normally lives in open grassland habitat but also occurs in deserts, woodlands, mangroves, and agricultural and rural habitats in India and Bangladesh. It ranges from sea level in Eritrea to 3,500 m in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia and 2,000 m in India. C. aureus is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species version 2016.1.

Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777), the spotted hyena, is a large, widespread, terrestrial carnivore with a female-dominant social system. It ranges from about 17°N to 28°S and lives in diverse habitats from savannas to swamps (but not rain forests) and up to 4,000 m in elevation. As assessed in 2014, C. crocuta is listed as “Least Concern” (LC) by The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species version 2016.1.

The southern dog-faced bat, Cynomops planirostris (Peters, 1866), is a molossid that occurs from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, through Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil to Paraguay and Argentina. It is insectivorous, inhabiting areas near rivers and forests. The species is characterized by having a chest and venter with a white or cream-colored spot, a broad upper lip that projects forward, and ears almost touching at their base. Cynomops planirostris is presently listed as “Least Concern” (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.

Peromyscus fraterculus (Miller, 1892) is a small rodent commonly called the northern Baja deermouse. Its pelage is dark, the tail is considerably longer than the body, and the number of caudal vertebrae ranges from 30 to 34. The geographic distribution of P. fraterculus includes the area west of the Colorado River, from southern California in the United States of America southward to the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, south of La Paz Isthmus. It is found in a broad variety of habitats from sea level to 1,175 m. P. fraterculus does not have special conservation status, although the island populations have conservation issues, mainly due to the introduction of non-native species. It is listed as “Least Concern” (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776) is a felid commonly called the caracal. It is a slender, medium-sized cat (5.8–22 kg) characterized by a short tail and long ear tufts. C. caracal has a wide distribution and is found throughout Africa, north to the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, central and southwest Asia into India; its habitat includes arid woodlands, savanna, scrublands, hilly steppes, and arid mountainous regions. It is globally listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources as “Least Concern” despite population trends unknown across most of its geographic distribution. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora lists Asian populations under Appendix I and African populations under Appendix II.

In Japan, nine species have been known in the ant genus Tetramorium , of which five or more are considered tramps. A key to the queens of nine Tetramorium species found in Japan is presented. The tramp species T. tonganum Mayr, 1870 is excluded from the key because no queen was available for us, while T. pacificum Mayr, 1870 is included because it was once intercepted at a port in Japan and exotic queens were available. Diagnosis of the queen of each species is provided together with differences between the two female castes. Tetramorium tanakai Bolton, 1977 is resurrected from synonymy with T. kraepelini Forel, 1905 based mainly on the queen characters.