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The study focuses on the impact of foliar spraying cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis extract and the inoculation with the endophyte N 2 -fixing Pseudomonas stutzeri , and their mixture in the presence of different nitrogen doses on growth and yield of onion under field conditions. Bioactive compounds of Spirulina and Pseudomonas were analyzed by GC–MC and amino acid production of Spirulina by the amino acid analyzer. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia (NH 3 ), pectinase activity, and N 2 -fixation of Pseudomonas were measured. Plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), number of green leaves, bulb diameter (cm), fresh and dry weight of plant (g), chlorophyll a, b of leaves, bulb weight (g), marketable bulb yield (t. ha −1 ), cull bulb weight (t. ha −1 ), total bulb yield (t. ha −1 ), bulb diameter (cm), total soluble solids (TSS%), dry matter content (DM%), evaluation of storage behavior, and economic feasibility were estimated. Spirulina extract has several bioactive compounds. Pseudomonas can produce HCN, NH 3 , IAA, pectinase, and nitrogen fixation. The application of mixture with recommended dose of nitrogen increases the onion plant parameters, marketable yield, total bulb yield, bulb weight, bulb diameter, TSS%, DM%, net return, benefit–cost ratio (B:C), lowest cumulative weight loss% of bulbs during storage, and reduce culls weight compared with other treatments in two seasons. Application of S. platensis extract and inoculation with endophyte nitrogen-fixing P . stutzeri enhance the growth and productivity of the onion under different doses of nitrogen fertilizer.

Alternative fuels are required to provide the world’s energy demands due to excessive fossil fuel use, harmful petrol emissions, environmental pollution, growing demand, rising costs, and fossil fuel degradation. The additives are utilized in biodiesel-diesel blends because they partially meet the physicochemical and thermal properties, resulting in improved combustion, performance, and reduced emissions. This research aims to enhance performance metrics and minimize emissions by incorporating diethyl ether (DEE) and single walled carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles (NPs) into a Spirulina platensis (SP) microalgae-based biodiesel-diesel blend at various injection pressures (IPs). The prepared blends are homogeneous and consistent, as analyzed by characterization using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and Raman spectrum analysis. The prepared samples are tested on a two-cylinder, four-stroke, Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine. The findings revealed that the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is improved by 15% while the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), and smoke opacity are reduced by 13.5, 20.7, 39.5, 20.6, and 9.7%, respectively, for the TF + CNT50 sample at higher IP and Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP). The fuel sample TF + CNT50 was shown to be more sustainable and suitable for use in multi-cylinder, CRDI diesel engines without engine modifications. Furthermore, Machine Learning (ML) methods such as Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT) are used for accurately predicting engine performance and emission characteristics by analyzing the correlations between input and output data. Simulating these interactions improves engine design and reduces experimentation costs.

Context Recently, prioritize has been given to using natural phytogenic or nano compounds as growth promoters and immunostimulants in fish diets as an alternative to antibiotics. Aims The main propose of this trial was to determine the impact of supplementing diets with spirulina or curcumin nanoparticles on the performance and health indicators of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Methods In a 56-day feeding trial, 180 tilapia fingerlings were assigned into three main groups, as follows: 1st, control group, 2nd, Spirulina platensis (SP; 5 g kg -1 diet) and 3rd, curcumin nanoparticles (CUR-NPs; 30 mg kg -1 diet). Key results Incorporating tilapia diets with SP or CUR-NPs significantly improved performance, body chemical analysis, blood biochemical and hematological indices, digestive enzyme activities, and antioxidant and immunostimulant features compared to the control. Conclusion Fortified tilapia diets with CUR-NPs or SP efficiently boost the productivity and health of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Implications The research introduces new practical solutions for applying safe feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics in tilapia farming.

Magnetically-actuated microswimmers are promising candidates for controlled cargo transport and microscale manipulation; however, achieving efficient, fuel-free propulsion with precisely defined anisotropic structures remains a significant fabrication challenge. We present a novel bio-hybrid helical microswimmer architecture that utilizes the bio-template of Spirulina platensis . This design incorporates anisotropic magnetite Janus nanoparticle (MJNP) heads made from hydrophilic chitosan and hydrophobic polycaprolactone (PCL). This architecture is created through a two-step dip-coating and anisotropic linking process, which ensures stability, magnetic responsiveness, and a defined structural asymmetry. To assess therapeutic potential, Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded onto the MJNPs, and the biocompatibility of the microswimmers was confirmed in vitro. The microswimmers exhibited efficient corkscrew-like propulsion when exposed to rotating magnetic fields. By systematically tracking their trajectories in biofluids, we observed that increasing the number of helical turns significantly enhances both their forward velocity and translational diffusion. This directly correlates the length of the helices with the optimized conversion of rotational torque into translational motion. This study establishes a robust, bio-templated platform that provides valuable design insights for enhancing the functional versatility of helical microswimmers in advanced biomedical applications.

Abstract Microalgae have the potential to emerge as renewable feedstocks to replace fossil resources in producing biofuels and chemicals. Levulinic acid is one of the most promising substances which may serve as chemical building blocks. This work investigated the use of Spirulina platensis residue (solid residue after lipids extraction) to produce LA via acid hydrolysis reaction. In this study, Spirulina platensis residue was set to have a solid–liquid ratio of 5% (w/v). The effect of process parameters on the Spirulina platensis residue to levulinic acid hydrolysis reaction was observed at temperatures ranging from 140 to 180 °C under four acid concentrations, i.e., 0.25, 0.5, 0.8, and 1 M. A simplified kinetic model was also developed to describe the behavior of Spirulina platensis residue conversion to levulinic acid, based on the pseudo-homogeneous–irreversible–1st order reaction. The results showed that the proposed model could capture the experimental data well. The reaction network also considered involvement of intermediate products namely glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The results showed that Spirulina platensis residue, with acid catalysts, can be used to produce levulinic acid, and the kinetic model can provide useful information for understanding the Spirulina platensis residue to levulinic acid hydrolysis reaction.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug that causes infertility disorders. This study was designed to evaluate a nanoformulation of chitosan with an ethanolic extract from Spirulina platensis in terms of its protection against cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity. Nine groups of female Wistar rats were randomly assigned as follows: 1: control vehicle, 2: chitosan polymer, 3: telmisartan, 4: Spirulina platensis extract, 5: nanoformulation of the Spirulina platensis, and 6: single injection of CP; groups 7, 8, and 9 received the same treatments as those used in groups 3, 4, and 5, respectively, with a single dose of CP (200 mg/kg, I.P). The results displayed that the CP treatment decreased estradiol, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone, and GSH content, and it downregulated PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and HO-1 gene expression. In addition, the CP treatment caused an increase in the FSH, LH, and MDA levels. In the same manner, the protein expression of caspase-3, NF-kB, and TNF-α was upregulated in response to the CP treatment, while PPAR-γ was downregulated in comparison with the control. The rats treated with SPNPs exhibited a substantial reduction in the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and inflammation of the ovarian tissue. This study’s conclusions showed that SPNPs counteracted the effects of CP, preventing the death of ovarian follicles and restoring the gonadotropin hormone balance and normal ovarian histological appearance.

Cisplatin is a commonly utilized chemotherapy medication for treating different sarcomas and carcinomas. Its ability interferes with cancer cells’ DNA repair pathways and postpones unfavorable outcomes in cancer patients. The current investigation’s goal was to ascertain if nano Spirulina platensis (NSP) might shield rat testicles from cisplatin damage by assessing the expression of the StAR and SOD genes, sex hormones, 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(17ß-HSD), sperm profile picture, oxidative condition of testes, testicular histology, and DNA damage. Four equal and random groups of 28 adult male Wistar rats were created; the control group was given saline for 8 weeks. An extraction of NSP at a concentration of 2500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 8 weeks to the NSP group. For the first 4 weeks, the cisplatin group was intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg/body weight of cisplatin, and for the next 4 weeks, they were given a dosage of 4 mg/kg/body weight. The cisplatin + NSP group was given both NSP and cisplatin. The results of the experiment showed that intake of NSP and cisplatin improved sperm profile; re-established the balance of oxidizing agents and antioxidant state; enhanced testicular histology; promoted the histometric parameters of seminiferous tubules including epithelial height, their diameter, and Johnsen’s score, decreasing DNA breakage in testicular tissue; increased testosterone level; decreased 17ß-HSD concentration; and upregulated both the StAR and SOD gene expression in testicles compared to rats exposed to cisplatin alone. These results demonstrate that NSP is a promising agent for improving cisplatin-induced testicular injury and infertility.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis (SP) on the productive performance, carcass characteristics, behavior, blood serum metabolites, hematological indices, and economic efficiency of Fayoumi broiler chickens for a 56-day. In total, 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed among four dietary treatments with three replicates (n = 10/group) for 8 weeks. The dietary treatments were a control basal diet without SP and the same basal diets supplemented with 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% SP. Birds fed 1% Spirulina-supplemented diets recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio and less overall feed intake and feeding behavior than those in the control group. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were recorded in the dressing percentage or the relative weights of internal organs among the different experimental groups, except for the thymus. Diets containing 0.5 or 1.0% SP saw an increase (p < 0.05) in serum total protein and globulin and a reduction (p < 0.05) in serum cholesterol concentration. The lymphocyte percentage in birds fed SP diets was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in birds fed the control diet. These results suggest that adding SP up to 1% to the broiler diets could positively affect some important blood biochemical parameters, enhance their immunity response, and improve their growth performance. However, from an economic point of view, supplementation with 0.25% of SP is recommended for Fayoumi broiler chickens.

This study investigates the suitability of Spirulina-Ogawa-Terui (SOT) culture media with various nutrition concentrations for the laboratory growth of salt-tolerant Spirulina platensis ST. Among the four saltwater mediums, 25% SOT media (42‰ salinity) demonstrated a satisfactory performance, with maximum absorbance at a wavelength 556 nm reading of 0.76. After 15 cultivation days, the protein, carbohydrate, lipid, phycocyanin, chlorophyll a, and carotenoid contents reached 48.73%, 22.14%, 7.32%, 10.23%, 0.53%, and 0.12% of the dry cell weight (DCW), respectively. The growth of S. platensis ST is influenced by the culture medium with a salinity of 13‰ and 52‰, as well as different nutrient compositions. Transcriptional sequencing revealed that the response of S. platensis ST to salt stress was mainly expressed by regulating the gene expression involved in metabolic pathways such as photosynthesis and signaling transduction. Under nutritional and salt stress, S. platensis ST responds by modulating the gene expression involved in the synthesis of vital molecules, for example, growth regulators and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) producers. In conclusion, this study provides an insight into enhancing the ability of S. platensis to tolerate salt stress. The findings indicate that future efforts in algal-based cultivation research in seawater should focus on increasing the productivity to develop a sustainable industry for biomass production.

The simultaneous biosorption of chromium (VI), copper (II), iron (II), and nickel (II) was investigated by alkaline-modified Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis in binary systems. The alkaline modified biosorbents were CV-KCl, SP-KCl, CV-Na2CO3, and SP-Na2CO3. The maximum removal efficiency recorded in this study was 99.7% with a biosorbent dosage of 0.3 g within a pH range of 2 to 6. The highest biosorption capacities obtained were 14.1, 13.5, 21.6, and 15.8 mg/g for Cr (VI), Cu (II), Fe (II) , and Ni (II) , respectively. The pseudo-second-order best described the biosorption rate, while the Langmuir isotherm model best described the biosorption equilibrium interaction. The values for Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) were in the range of 0.5 to 6.5 kJ/mol (Cr-Fe), 1.3 to 8.4 kJ/mol (Cr-Ni), and 3.9 to 11.3 kJ/mol (Cr-Cu) binary systems. This showed that the biosorption processes were characterized by physisorption reactions. The Temkin constant B values were in the range of 0.339 to 1.485 kcal/mol and the biosorption processes were largely exothermic reactions. The values for the Freundlich constant KF were between 1.4 and 10.4 (L/g) , which indicated favourable biosorption. The Temkin isotherm model confirmed a strong binding affinity for Fe (II) and Ni (II). The results suggest that potassium chloride and sodium carbonate modification are very suitable for green algae and cyanobacteria for the efficient removal of heavy metals. Graphical abstract