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Founded in 1987, the Prix Ars Electronica is the most time-honored media arts competition in the world. With numerous illustrations and texts by the artists and members of the jury, this book presents the award-winning works of the 2018 competition.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from diesel vehicles are a serious environmental concern. Prior to the introduction of on-road tests at type approval, vehicle on-road NOx emissions were found many times higher than the applicable limits. Retrofitting an existing vehicle is a short/mid-term solution. We evaluated a NOx reduction retrofit system installed on a Euro 6b diesel passenger car both in the laboratory and on the road. The retrofit consisted of an under-floor SCR (selective catalytic reduction) for NOx catalyst in combination with a solid ammonia-based dosing system as the NOx reductant. The retrofit reduced NOx emissions from 25% (50 mg/km) to 82% (725 mg/km) both in the laboratory and on the road. The minimum reduction was achieved at cold start cycles and the maximum at hot start cycles. The retrofit had small effect on CO2 (fuel consumption). No ammonia emissions were detected and the N2O increase was negligible at cold start cycles, but up to 18 mg/km at hot start cycles. The results showed that the retrofit technology could be beneficial even for high emitting Euro 6b diesel vehicles.

Silicon Fen (SF) is a cluster of high-tech firms located around the University of Cambridge (UoC) in the UK. This article, for the first time, investigates the technological bonds between SF firms and UoC based on patent analysis covering the period of 1999–2021. We provide a short history of SF, highlighting its early formation and growth, and the role of spin-off firms on its evolution. We employ joint patents generated by UoC and various business sectors of SF to calculate the values of technological collaboration strength (TCS). It is found that the majority of joint patents (61%) are generated by the Pharma/Biotech sector of SF with the highest value of TCS (16.45 × 10−3). Moreover, the patent’s economic values across various business disciplines in SF are calculated based on the total counts of citations. Our observations suggest that senior university academics making spin-off firms in a business cluster around their university can effectively facilitate university–firm technological collaboration. Furthermore, the relatively strong technological bond between UoC and the Pharma/Biotech sector of SF is confirmed to be influenced by the collaboration of the university with its own spin-off firms rather than large independent firms in SF. The outcomes of this research contribute to the knowledge of the collaboration between a main research university and a cluster of firms located in its geographical proximity.

This study applies the social entrepreneurs typology suggested by Zahra, Gedajlovic, Neubaum et al. (2009): Social Bricoleur, Social Builder, and Social Engineer in interviews with evaluators and start-ups supported by Yunus Social Business Brazil. A case study was conducted to identify similarities and divergences between the characteristics of these types of social entrepreneurs, exploring their profile and motivation, considering the reality of the social businesses. Each type concentrates features of innovation and utilization of resources as those proposed by Hayek (1945), Kirzner (1973) and Schumpeter (1942). Social businesses, according to Muhammad Yunus (Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for the creation of the Grameen Bank), unify in a single business model the positive socio-environmental impacts and economic-financial sustainability, without the distribution of dividends, which are intended to expand the businesses or fund new initiatives of the same nature. Thus, Social Business maximizes social wealth and restricts the concentration of individual income. The results showed that the start-ups researched have characteristics of the Social Builder type, as described in the work by Kirzner (1973). This study works as a starting point for empirical studies on entrepreneurship and social business, and helps entrepreneurs and investors guiding the first to align business models to receive funding, and investors to identify the best social business opportunity.

Exploiting crowdsourcing, a company called Kaggle runs public competitions to analyze the data of scientists, companies, and organizations. A small Australian start-up company called Kaggle is exploiting the concept of \"crowdsourcing\" in a novel way. Kaggle's core idea is to facilitate the analysis of data by allowing outsiders to model it. To do that, the company organizes competitions in which anyone with a passion for data analysis can battle it out. The contests offered so far have ranged widely, from ranking international chess players to evaluating whether a person will respond to HIV treatments to forecasting if a researcher's grant application will be approved. Despite often modest prizes, the competitions have so far attracted more than 3000 statisticians, computer scientists, econometrists, mathematicians, and physicists from approximately 200 universities in 100 countries, Kaggle founder Anthony Goldbloom boasts. And the wisdom of the crowds can sometimes outsmart those offering up their data. In the HIV contest, entrants significantly improved on the efforts of the research team that posed the challenge. Citing this and other successes as examples, Goldbloom argues that Kaggle can help bring fresh ideas to data analysis.

This paper is a tribute to the scientific accomplishments of Ernst Chain and the influence he exerted over the fields of industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Chain is the father of the modern antibiotic era and all the benefits that these therapeutic agents have brought, i.e., longer life spans, greater levels of public health, widespread modern surgery, and control of debilitating infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, etc. Penicillin was the first antibiotic to become commercially available, and its use ushered in the age of antibiotics. The discovery of penicillin’s bactericidal action had been made by Alexander Fleming in London in 1928. After publishing his observations in 1929, no further progress was made until the work was picked up in 1939 by scientists at Oxford University. The group was headed by Howard Florey, and Chain was the group’s lead scientist. Chain was born and educated in Germany, and he fled in 1933 as a Jewish refugee from Nazism to England. Other important members of the Oxford research team were Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham. The team was able to produce and isolate penicillin under conditions of scarce resources and many technical challenges. Sufficient material was collected and tested on mice to successfully demonstrate penicillin’s bactericidal action on pathogens, while being nontoxic to mammals. Chain directed the microbiological methods for producing penicillin and the chemical engineering methods to extract the material. This technology was transferred to US government facilities in 1941 for commercial production of penicillin, becoming an important element in the Allied war effort. In 1945, the Nobel Prize for medicine was shared by Fleming, Florey, and Chain in recognition of their work in developing penicillin as a therapeutic agent. After World War II, Chain tried to persuade the British government to fund a new national antibiotic industry with both research and production facilities. As resources were scarce in postwar Britain, the British government declined the project. Chain then took a post in 1948 at Rome’s Instituto Superiore di Sanitá, establishing a new biochemistry department with a pilot plant. During that period, his department developed important new antibiotics (including the first semisynthetic antibiotics) as well as improved technological processes to produce a wide variety of important microbial metabolites that are still in wide use today. Chain was also responsible for helping several countries to start up a modern penicillin industry following World War II, including the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China. In 1964, Chain returned to England to establish a new biochemistry department and industrial scale fermentation pilot plant at Imperial College in London. Imperial College became the preeminent biochemical department in Europe. Chain was also a pioneer in changing the relationship between government, private universities, and private industry for collaboration and funding to support medical research. Ernst Chain has left a lasting impact as a great scientist and internationalist.

With the Nobel prize comes the opportunity to talk to people around the world. In that period Israel has become a start-up nation: according to Saul Singer, co-author of the book Start Up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle (Twelve, 2009), \"Israel has more start-ups per capita than anywhere else outside Silicon Valley.\" Good money comes with good advice or with help in marketing, from strategic partners or business angels who trust your idea and want to work with you.

The publisher will be Nashville News- Leader Publisher John Robert Schirmer, a longtime high school teacher and newsman in Nashville, the Howard County seat 55 miles southwest of Arkadelphia. Newspaper industry insiders thought Arkadelphia might be ripe for a startup in GateHouse's wake, and Schirmer, a Ouachita graduate, thinks the Dispatch \"will do well because people in Arkadelphia want a newspaper with a focus on local people and events.\" Schirmer's and Sutley's priorities are traditional: serving as a watchdog over local governments and their use of taxpayer money, but also covering the people who make Arkadelphia the kind of town it is.

This paper empirically analyses how individuals in companies evaluate the contributions of basic research by universities and public research institutes to industry from multiple perspectives: manager as a spokesperson of the company (science-based industry or others), position within the company (managers or inventors), affiliations of inventors (large pharmaceutical companies or biotech start-ups), and educational background. This paper focuses on the case of Japan. Questionnaire surveys were sent to managers and inventors in established companies and startups across several industries. This study found that, 1) the more science-oriented the company, the higher their managers evaluate academic research, 2) inventors evaluate academic research more highly than managers, 3) inventors from biotech start-ups evaluate academic research more highly than inventors from large companies in the pharmaceutical industry, and 4) the more advanced their educational background, the more highly inventors evaluate academic research. This study suggests that closeness to science is an important factor for companies to evaluate contributions of basic research to innovation. The findings also suggest that problems within the current educational system are an indirect cause of the innovation crisis in Japan.