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Being an adult learner in austere times : exploring the contexts of higher, further and community education
This volume examines the experiences of adult learners in times of austerity. The power of adult education to transform lives is well known, and it is especially powerful for those who missed out on educational opportunities earlier in life. Those who have been successful learners in the past are more likely to continue their education and training, making extra support and funding ever-more important: however, in the current economic and political climate, support for adult learning is significantly decreasing. This book sheds light on the experiences of adult learners, despite the difficulties facing the sector: interweaving empirical discussions with theoretical debates, the editors and contributors demonstrate the challenges and struggles of adult learners in higher, further and community education.
Book
The Functioning of Ukraine’s Budgetary System in Wartime Conditions
The proper functioning of a budgetary system during wartime is crucial for supporting a country’s defense capabilities and fulfilling its essential social functions. This study aims to analyze key indicators of the efficiency and security of Ukraine’s budgetary system in wartime conditions. The research employed methods such as economic and statistical analysis, comparative analysis, and normative and marginal analysis. The results of the study analyzed trends in state budget expenditures and revenues. A separate analysis of the budget deficit showed a significant increase (to more than 20% in 2023), indicating a need for additional financing. The structure of state budget revenues and expenditures has also changed significantly. The share of tax revenues has decreased, while defense spending constitutes about 50% of expenditures. However, the main problem remains the growing external state debt, which has nearly reached 100% of GDP. At the same time, the available gold and foreign exchange reserves can cover only 40% of the debt. Based on the research conducted, recommendations were formulated that can guide government officials in shaping future budgetary and tax policy.
Journal Article
Budgeting for hard power : defense and security spending under Barack Obama
\"Lays out the issues and relative costs facing the new president: prioritizing among competing demands for defense spending, homeland-security investment, diplomacy, and security assistance; determining how much money will be needed, available, and allocated. Suggests a path for the new White House in its resource-allocation decisions affecting U.S. national security\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Substitution and Supplementation Between Co-Functional Policy Instruments: Evidence from State Budget Stabilization Practices
Governments often use multiple policy instruments for pursuing policy goals with mutually reinforcing effects. These effects include supplementation and substitution. This article examines both effects by studying two instruments of state budget stabilization policy: general fund balances and budget stabilization funds. States normally maintain budget surpluses in the general fund. In recent decades, many also created separate budget stabilization funds to guard against economic downturns. Empirical results show that substitution occurs between these instruments. In other words, the influence of the first instrument is partially offset by the second. The second instrument also produces some independent impacts—called supplementation—that increase the overall influence of both instruments. Such selfreinforcement decreases over time, suggesting that multiple policy instruments are most effective in the initial stage of application.
Journal Article
The Paradox of Protection: Public-Safety Spending and Reported Cybercrime in the United States
The authors assess whether state public-safety spending relates to reported cybercrime in a single-year (2023) U.S. state-level analysis (50 states + DC). IC3/FTC outcomes (rates and losses) are linked to police/corrections spending and pre-specified socio-economic/infrastructure covariates. Models use population-weighted least squares for rate outcomes, HC3 robust SEs, ln(loss+1) for dollar outcomes, and Benjamini–Hochberg FDR (q=.10). Zero-order correlations between spending and reporting measures are positive; after adjustment, coefficients attenuate toward zero and are not FDR-significant. Sensitivity checks (excluding DC; omitting influential states; police vs. corrections; IC3-only; adult denominators) are consistent. Findings are associational, consistent with visibility/detection or demand-driven dynamics rather than cross-sectional deterrence. Practice should pair investigative capacity with standardized reporting and prevention; causal evaluation requires longitudinal/quasi-experimental designs.
Journal Article
Does Performance Budgeting Work? An Examination of the Office of Management and Budget's PART Scores
In this paper, the authors use the Bush administration's management grades from the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) to evaluate performance budgeting in the federal government-in particular, the role of merit and political considerations in formulating recommendations for 234 programs in the president's fiscal year 2004 budget. PART scores and political support were found to influence budget choices in expected ways, and the impact of management scores on budget decisions diminished as the political component was taken into account. The Bush administration's management scores were positively correlated with proposed budgets for programs housed in traditionally Democratic departments but not in other departments. The federal government's most ambitious effort to use performance budgeting to date shows both the promise and the problems of this endeavor.
Journal Article
State Order for the Training of Specialists With Higher Education and Optimisation of the Higher Education Network
The relevance of the study is determined by the need to analyse the effectiveness of the development of the state order and the optimisation of the higher education network as important aspects of the recovery of the economy of Ukraine in the conditions of the war and the post-war period. The result of the scientific work is the examination of the issue of the distribution of the state order both in general and in relation to each individual educational programme, the shortcomings of the current system and possible ways to eliminate them in the post-war period; the proposed mechanism for optimising the higher education network.
Journal Article
Causes of Defaults in Argentina and Likelihood of Another
For more than 100 years, Argentina has attracted the attention of the global community for the specific evolution of its internal economic and political processes and the international context of its economic development. The prosperity of the Argentine economy depends on internal and external factors. The chronic government budget deficit and the low domestic savings rate led to indebtedness in the international financial markets. The government budget deficit and indebtedness in international markets result in inflation and devaluation of the Argentine peso. Externally, economic growth and economic stability are influenced by the demand in world agricultural markets for Argentine products and the willingness of foreign investors to buy Argentine bonds. When export earnings fall, Argentina's ability to repay its foreign liabilities decreases, which generally leads to further defaults. Paper analyzes the factors that will potentially lead the Argentine economy into another default. Paper models the probability of default in the Argentine economy using the multivariate analysis. The 9 factors selected to model the probability of default show the impact and extent of the event. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the model built based on statistical selection of factors shows similar results in terms of predicting non-default cases, and worse in terms of predicting default cases, compared to the model built based on the phased inclusion of variables. The ability to better identify non-defaults than to identify cases of defaults, in general, is a characteristic of this class of models, in part this fact can be explained by the fact that the models were built based on a sample in which the number of non-default cases is greater than the number of default variants.
Journal Article
Evaluation of state budget structural changes based on the coefficient method
According to the current situation in the world economy connected with the coronavirus pandemic, it is difficult to predict GDP growth. Non-economic factors determine the rate of decline in economies of almost all countries. Accordingly, it is extremely difficult to ensure the stable functioning of financial systems. In this situation, the role of public finance, especially the state budget, significantly increases, given the peculiarities of the formation of different levels’ budgets. This research aims to evaluate state budget structural changes on the example of Ukraine. Based on the linear coefficient and the quadratic coefficient of absolute structural changes, the quadratic coefficient of relative structural changes, and integral coefficients of structural changes the authors analyzed the state of public finance in Ukraine since the formation of the state and local budgets and their optimal use to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on the economy can become one of the factors in maintaining financial stability and developing anti-crisis measures. The forecast values of the growth rate of budget revenues and expenditures confirm that the projected revenue gaps are significantly higher than the projected expenditure gaps. The cost structure of the state budget of Ukraine is characterized as a structure with a low level of differences. The Gatev and Ryabtsev coefficients demonstrate unidirectional dynamics. In contrast, Salai coefficient shows the opposite dynamics, which confirms a lack of stability in the cost structure. From 2008 to 2019, the chain rate of change has a significant variation range.
Journal Article