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"STREET CHILDREN"
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Inhabiting 'childhood' : children, labour and schooling in postcolonial India
Through a rich ethnography of street and working children in Calcutta, India, this book offers the first sustained enquiry into postcolonial childhoods, arguing that the lingering effects of colonialism are central to comprehending why these children struggle to inhabit the transition from labour to schooling.
eBook
Child street life : an inside view of hazards and expectations of street children in Peru
This brief studies the phenomenon of street children in two cities in Peru. It looks at some of the conceptual issues and, after analysing why children are in the street and what behaviour and which aspirations they exhibit, deals with the policy issues and lessons to be learned. This brief investigates when and why the transition from children on the street (street-working children) to children of the street (street living children) takes place and elucidates how they survive. It explains the fluidity and the risks involved in any type of child street life.
Book
Mental disorders in former street-working boys
The continuity of mental disorders in street-working children is rarely studied. This study therefore investigated homotypic continuity, recurrence of the same disorder, and heterotypic continuity, when a new disorder follows on the previous, of mental disorders from childhood to adulthood in street-working boys from Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Mental disorders were assessed by structured diagnostic interviews in 40 street-working boys in 2004–2005 and again in 2021, when the participants’ mean ages were 12.1 (SD 1.8) and 29.7 (SD 2.3), respectively. Mental disorders were common; 24 participants (60%) satisfied the criteria for at least one diagnosis at baseline and 28 (70%) at follow-up. Comorbidity increased from 1.2 (SD 1.4) disorders initially to 2.5 (SD 1.8) at follow-up. Only anxiety disorders showed homotypic continuity. Depressive disorders exhibited the greatest increase over time whereas externalizing disorders exhibited a decreasing tendency. The number of mental disorders in adulthood was related to the number of mental disorders in childhood but not to the number of childhood traumas experienced, having previously worked for more than two hours per day, having worked for over two years on the streets, or having at least one dead parent as a child. Parental ratings on the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) from childhood were also unrelated to the number of adult disorders. More longitudinal studies with bigger samples of both genders are needed to fully evaluate the continuity of mental disorders in street-working children and to determine whether the number of mental disorders in childhood is a stronger predictor of being mentally disordered in adult life than psychosocial risk factors or experiences of internalizing or externalizing symptoms in childhood.
Journal Article
The street kids
The Street Kids is the most important novel by Italy's preeminent late-20th Century author and intellectual, Pier Paolo Pasolini. It tells the story of Riccetto, a poor urchin who lives on the outskirts of Rome. Readers meet him at his first communion in 1944 during the German occupation of Italy. In the years that follow, drifting ever further from family and friends, Riccetto moves from petty theft to more elaborate cons and finally to prostitution. He is arrested and jailed after trying to steal some iron in order to buy his fianceâe an engagemnet ring.
Book
Voices from the street: exploring street song and the livelihood strategies of street-connected children in Addis Ababa
This study explored how street-connected children in Addis Ababa employ street song as a form of expression, a coping mechanism, and a means of earning a livelihood. Employing a phenomenological approach, it collected qualitative data from 20 semi-structured, in-depth interviews and used thematic analysis. The findings underscore the importance of survival strategies like street song in helping street-connected children cope with and adapt to the daily challenges of street life. Street song is a vital survival strategy- employed to attract public attention, evoke sympathy, and secure support from potential almsgivers. Public responses, however, are influenced by the children's age and appearance, with younger children usually receiving more favorable reactions than older and physically bigger children due to prevailing social perceptions. Despite these disparities, the culture of sharing and mutual support among street peers fosters resilience and social cohesion, enhancing their chances of survival. The study underscores the agency of street-connected children, highlighting their capacity to adapt, express themselves creatively, and contribute meaningfully to decisions affecting their lives. It recommends that organizations working with these children recognize their voices, talents, and experiences when designing interventions, ensuring more responsive and sustainable support systems..
Journal Article
Homeless street children in Nepal: Use of allostatic load to assess the burden of childhood adversity
As challenges to child well-being through economic disadvantage, family disruption, and migration or displacement escalate world wide, the need for cross-culturally robust understanding of childhood adversity proportionately increases. Toward this end, developmental risk was assessed in four contrasting groups of 107 Nepali children ages 10–14 years that represent distinctive, common conditions in which contemporary children grow up. Relative cumulative burden (allostatic load) indexed by multiple dimensions of physical and psychosocial stress was ascertained among homeless street boys and three family-based groups, from poor urban squatter settlements, urban middle class, and a remote rural village. Biomarkers of stress and vulnerability to stress included growth status, salivary cortisol, antibodies to Epstein–Barr virus, acute phase inflammatory responses (alpha1-antichymotrypsin), and cardiovascular fitness and reactivity (flex heart rate and pressor response). Individual biomarkers of risk and allostatic load differed markedly among groups, were highest in villagers, and varied by components of allostatic load. Such data suggest a need for critical appraisal of homelessness and migration as a risk factor to youth, given prevailing local conditions such as rural poverty, and represents the only multidimensional study of childhood allostatic load and developmental risk in non-Western settings.
Journal Article
Antecedent factors and primary intervention of risk behaviour among street connected children in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Street-connected children are at high risk of engaging in risk behaviour due to the influence of their social and physical environment. Extended and continuous exposure to the street environment enhances this process, shaping their behaviour and cognitive development of these street-connected children. This study aims to investigate the engagement of street-connected children in risk behaviours, examine the factors that influence street-connected children to engage in the risk behaviour and propose an intervention strategy to mitigate their engagement in the risk behaviour. The purposive sampling technique was employed by collecting information from 303 participants aged 9 to 17 years. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis were conducted for data analysis. The findings reveal that peer influence significantly predicts the engagement of street-connected children in risk behaviours. In contrast, parental working status, educational barriers, housing environment, emotional and psychological well-being, and life experiences in school were not found to be significant factors influencing their engagement in risk behaviour. Based on these results, intervention strategies were proposed to reduce the engagement of street-connected children in risk behaviour. The proposed intervention can offer valuable insights for social workers and service providers to enhance the health-related behaviours and social well-being within this population.
Journal Article