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"SURVEILLANCE"
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Surveillance : a very short introduction
Examines the key processors of and concepts surrounding surveillance. It explains that surveillance is central to doing business, meeting friends, organizing governance, maintaining security, and being entertained. Surveillance makes people visible to organizations.
Book
Expanding the gaze : gender and the politics of surveillance
\"From sexualized selfies and hidden camera documentaries to the bouncers monitoring patrons at Australian nightclubs, the ubiquity of contemporary surveillance goes far beyond the National Security Agency's bulk data collection or the proliferation of security cameras on every corner. Expanding the Gaze is a collection of important new empirical and theoretical works that demonstrate the significance of the gendered dynamics of surveillance. Bringing together contributors from criminology, sociology, communication studies, and women's studies, the eleven essays in the volume suggest that we cannot properly understand the implications of the rapid expansion of surveillance practices today without paying close attention to its gendered nature. Together, they constitute a timely interdisciplinary contribution to the development of feminist surveillance studies.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
1 Double High-Level Disinfection vs. Sterilization for Reprocessing of Duodenoscopes Used for ERCP: A Prospective Study
INTRODUCTION:The potential for transmission of pathogenic organisms is a problem inherent to the current duodenoscope design. Recent outbreaks of multi-drug resistant pathogenic organisms transmitted via duodenoscopes has brought to light the urgency of this problem. Microbiological culturing of duodenoscopes and reprocessing with repeat high-level disinfection or liquid chemical sterilization have been offered as supplemental measures to enhance duodenoscope reprocessing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This study aims to compare the efficacy of reprocessing duodenoscopes with double high-level disinfection (DHLD) versus liquid chemical sterilization.METHODS:We prospectively evaluated two different modalities of duodenoscope reprocessing from 10/23/17 to 9/24/18. All operable duodenoscopes were segregated to be reprocessed by either DHLD (i.e., complete manual cleaning followed by automated reprocessing, repeated for two total cycles) or manual cleaning followed by liquid chemical sterilization. Duodenoscopes were randomly cultured post-reprocessing for surveillance based on an internal protocol.RESULTS:During the study time period, there were 878 post-reprocessing surveillance cultures (453 in the DHLD group and 425 in the sterilization group). Of all of the cultures, 17 were positive (1.9%). There was no significant difference of positive cultures when comparing the duodenoscopes undergoing DHLD (8 positive cultures, 1.8%) to duodenoscopes undergoing sterilization (9 positive cultures, 2.1%, P > 0.05). Both groups had two cultures that grew high-concern organisms. No multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO), including carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE), were detected. Organisms from positive cultures are presented in Table 1.Table 1Organisms detected in positive cultures from duodenoscope reprocessing surveillance culturesCONCLUSION:DHLD and liquid chemical sterilization both resulted in a low rate of positive cultures, both for all organisms and for high-concern organisms, but neither process eliminated positive cultures from reprocessed duodenoscopes. A liquid chemical sterilization protocol did not improve the growth of organisms on surveillance cultures compared to DHLD.
Journal Article
Space electronic reconnaissance : localization therories and methods
\"Presents the theories and applications of determining the position of an object in space through the use of satellites\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
214 12-Month Post Marketing Safety Surveillance Data of Chewable Inulin Fiber
INTRODUCTION:Most Americans consume only half of the daily fiber recommended by the National Academy of Medicine, which is 25 grams per day of fiber for women and 38 grams per day for men. Fiber has been shown to promote bowel regularity, lower cholesterol, control blood sugar, and maintain body weight. To fill the “fiber gap” many patients use fiber supplements. There is a perception that fiber supplementation can lead to bloating and excess gas production, among other adverse events. This study aimed to examine whether or not a pattern of adverse events was associated with chewable inulin fiber (CIF).METHODS:A call-in number for reporting adverse events (AEs) was provided on bottles of a specific brand of CIF. An independent call center with pharmacovigilance-trained health care personnel in accordance with the FDA and global regulatory guidelines on properly reporting AEs was retained to receive and record customer AEs. The AEs for this study were collected and processed from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018.RESULTS:An estimated 809,259 individual patients consumed CIF during the surveillance. An analysis of the data showed that there were no serious AEs reported. Additionally, the self-reporting rate of non-serious AEs was low, with only 23 non-serious events reported by 21 individuals; a rate of 2.8 per 100,000 users. The top reported, non-serious AEs were flatulence, diarrhea, and constipation; however, the rates for these were extremely low (4.9, 3.7, and 1.2 per million, respectively). Two events were reported that were classified as musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders; however, these were considered to not be related, having no basis for biological plausibility.CONCLUSION:12 months of monitoring real-world use of CIF in a population of over 800,000 patients demonstrates an extremely low rate of self-reported AEs. Contrary to conventional thinking, the rate of flatulence was remarkably low (4.9 per million users), and can most likely be considered statistical background noise. These data, combined with previous RCTs, indicates that CIF is a safe and effective option for fiber supplementation.Table 1.Most common reported related adverse events.
Journal Article
Disease surveillance : technological contributions to global health security
Providing an overview of disease surveillance, this text frames a roadmap of how newer technologies may allow all countries of the world to reach compliance with the IHR (International Health Regulations) established by the World Health Organization as it pertains to disease detection.
Book
Device and surgical procedure-related infections in Canadian acute care hospitals, 2019–2023
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant healthcare burden in Canada. National surveillance of HAIs at sentinel acute care hospitals is conducted by the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program.
This article describes device and surgical procedure-related HAI epidemiology in Canada from 2019 to 2023.
Data were collected from 68 Canadian sentinel acute care hospitals between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2023, for intensive care unit central line-associated bloodstream infections (ICU-CLABSIs), hip and knee surgical site infections (SSIs), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt SSIs and paediatric cardiac SSIs. Case counts, rates, patient and hospital characteristics, pathogen distributions and antimicrobial resistance data are presented.
Between 2019 and 2023, 2,582 device-related infections and 1,029 surgical procedure-related infections were reported. Rates of ICU-CLABSIs fluctuated throughout the study period, with an overall increase in all intensive care unit settings except for the neonatal intensive care unit, where a 4% decrease was noted. An increase in SSIs following knee arthroplasty was observed, rising from 0.34 to 0.43 infections per 100 surgeries. Fluctuating trends were also observed in CSF shunt SSIs and paediatric cardiac SSIs over the study period. The most commonly identified pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (23%) in ICU-CLABSIs and
(42%) in SSIs.
Epidemiological and microbiological trends among selected device and surgical procedure-related HAIs are essential for benchmarking infection rates nationally and internationally, identifying any changes in infection rates or antimicrobial resistance patterns and helping inform hospital infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship policies and programs.
Journal Article