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Since optical wireless power transmission (OWPT) transmits power by light, which has a narrow diffraction angle feature, it is a strong candidate for wireless power transmission systems supporting long ranges. To develop a realistic operational OWPT system, clarification of system level requirements is essential. In this study, to fill a gap between the concept/initial demonstration and an operational system, the required conditions were analyzed regarding the effects of beam alignment and shaping on the power generation ratio which is a system level efficiency factor with extension from the formerly reported one-dimensional analysis to three-dimensional to include errors in all degrees of freedom is presented. This extension is regarded as an indispensable methodology to evaluate the system level performance of general OWPT systems. Numerical requirements for beam alignment and shaping are derived for both non-cooperative and cooperative OWPT. In non-cooperative OWPT, the direction of the solar cell module is fixed, and the transmitter aligns its beam with the module. In cooperative OWPT, the module and transmitter mutually align in the same direction. Though the cooperative OWPT is more restrictive than the non-cooperative one, its advantages were clarified.

Requirements engineering focuses on eliciting, specifying, transforming and validating user and system requirements correctly and efficiently. Transforming user requirements to system requirements is a critical step in this process. It is a challenging because the high-level intentions of users often lack the detailed information to help specify system requirements. In practice, the successful transformation from user requirements to system requirements is labor-intensive, which requires the sophisticated human efforts of domain experts and developers for information processing and supplementation. It is desirable to have a method for automatically transforming user requirements into system requirements. In this paper, we propose an approach iStar2UML that can automatically transform the user requirements of iStar into the system requirements specified by UML models. iStar is a well-known goal-oriented model for eliciting and specifying user requirements; it concentrates on analyzing intentions and social dependencies of stakeholders. Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a de facto standard for object-oriented system requirements modeling and design. We evaluate the proposed approach through five case studies. The results indicate that 82.9% of UML models were successfully generated from iStar models and confirmed by domain experts. Additionally, the proposed transformation approach reduced transformation errors by an average of 11.7% and time costs by 21.4% compared to a fully manual approach. Overall, the results suggest the approach is effective, though further validation is necessary. The proposed approach can be extended and applied for the requirements engineering processes in the software industry.

In recent years, competition among the Indian manufacturing industries (IMI) has increased enormously in the global market. The current uncertainty in the market context is characterised and governed by the customised requirements of the customers. Thus, the manufacturing system in the industries should be capable of adapting the parameters like flexibility in scalability, variety, agility, system responsiveness, inter-connectivity, automatic data exchange with communication among the manufacturing systems, transparency and human–machine interaction, which are the main components and principles of Industry 4.0 (I4.0). Thus, adopting I4.0 plays a vital role to corroborate its long-term survival in the global marketplace. However, very few research work considerations contribute towards the issues induced during the adoption of I4.0 in manufacturing industries. This paper aims to minimise the gap between the existing Industrial System Requirements (ISRs) and the challenges faced during implementing I4.0 technologies in existing Industries. The identified ISRs and barriers were evaluated and analysed based on the data set collected from a questionnaire-based survey. Fuzzy multi-criteria analysis is conducted to identify the most weighted ISRs and barriers and ranked them concerning their importance. Furthermore, the inter-item correlation between both of them is analysed. This research work offers the researchers, practitioners, and industrialists an opportunity to formulate multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems through numerous case studies and prioritise the top barriers, system requirements and the inter-relationship shared between them.

Solar photovoltaics (PV) are susceptible to environmental and operational stresses due to their operation in an open atmosphere. Early detection and treatment of stress prevents hotspots and the total failure of solar panels. In response, the literature has proposed several approaches, each with its own limitations, such as high processing system requirements, large amounts of memory, long execution times, fewer types of faults diagnosed, failure to extract relevant features, and so on. Therefore, this research proposes a fast framework with the least memory and computing system requirements for the six different faults of a solar panel. Infrared thermographs from solar panels are fed into intense and architecturally complex deep convolutional networks capable of differentiating one million images into 1000 classes. Features without backpropagation are calculated to reduce execution time. Afterward, deep features are fed to shallow classifiers due to their fast training time. The proposed approach trains the shallow classifier in approximately 13 s with 95.5% testing accuracy. The approach is validated by manually extracting thermograph features and through the transfer of learned deep neural network approaches in terms of accuracy and speed. The proposed method is also compared with other existing methods.

Requirement expression media is an overlooked consideration in requirements innovation. The path to including media other than natural language requirement sentences begins with determining the viability of media to be used as requirement expressions in systems engineering. This research uses the INCOSE characteristics for individual requirements and sets of requirements as a basis for an assessment of the sufficiency of model diagrams and engineering drawings to express requirements. A critical review of high-impact sources is used to develop characteristic lists for natural language requirement sentences and for model diagrams and engineering drawings. A comparative analysis of the characteristic lists for requirement sentences, model diagrams, and engineering drawings shows that each have the same fundamental characteristics and the differences are based on the ability of the media to represent abstraction. The contribution of this research is the establishment of model diagrams and engineering drawings as viable alternatives to natural language sentences for system engineering requirements expressions.

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is the application of BIM, an information management and modelling process, to cultural heritage (CH) assets. HBIM will provide tangible benefits to the heritage community by providing an enduring record of assets, facilitating more informed decision-making, and enabling more efficient resource management. However, the HBIM application is characterised by disparate methodologies and an inconclusive understanding of what the HBIM system should be achieving. The article aimed to validate thirty-three system requirements for HBIM previously proposed by the authors and evaluate their relative criticality for both the UK and international heritage community. It presents the results of an extensive survey undertaken with the international heritage community. The thirty-three system requirements were found to be valid for both the UK and international heritage community. However, some variation in the relative criticality of the requirements according to region was identified, the most notable of which was the perceived criticality of system requirements related to visualisation. Nine requirements were updated, and an additional requirement was added to reflect feedback received from participants. One requirement was altered by the authors to encompass a greater scope. Future work will investigate opportunities for requirement realisation and produce a theoretical framework for HBIM adoption.

Requirements are most commonly expressed in natural language, but alternative media can be employed. Previous research has established the viability of model diagrams and engineering drawings for requirements expression. To move beyond viability, three (3) factors—Cognition, Quality, and Accountability—were developed to assess the potential impact of using alternate media requirement expressions in systems engineering. The alternate media candidates were evaluated against the factors and their subfactors, which determined that the inclusion of alternate media may be expected to positively impact requirements expression in all three areas. For Cognition, improved communication is predicted as alternate media are situationally preferable based on their inherent context offerings and systematically shorter comprehension times for spatial information, which potentially reduces the cognitive burden on the reader. For Quality, alternate media are predicted to improve the appropriateness of requirement expressions within a specification. For Accountability, improvement is predicted within a project as alternate media can mitigate ambiguity, improve feasibility, and enhance verification and validation efforts. The contribution of this research is the establishment of a conceptual basis for creating multi-media requirement documentation that amplifies the desired characteristics of requirement expressions to better communicate stakeholder information.

The school practicum is an essential component of pre-service student teachers’ training in the PGCE qualification, affording opportunities to develop mentees’ own identities. Along with a range of competences. This study explores how student teachers at Nelson Mandela University perceived their School-Based Learning (SBL) mentoring experience about the roles that mentors should fulfil based on an adapted seven-factor framework (Hudson, 2004, 2009) by adopting a post-positivist paradigm. The findings showed that both groups of participants who would like to return to the same mentor again or those who wish not to do so indicated that these seven factors played a crucial role in their decision-making.

Transformative health promotion actions are needed to achieve health equity and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), advance human and planetary wellbeing, and ensure that we build back better post-COVID-19. Health policies and systems need to be aligned with the values, principles and strategies of health promotion and investment made in strengthening essential health promotion functions. This paper considers how transformative health promotion can be advanced, by reflecting critically on what progress needs to be made and the structures and processes that are required to strengthen health promotion at a systems level. Progress in implementing health promotion is variable, and there is a general lack of investment in developing the necessary health promotion systems for substantive progress to be made. Key enablers and system requirements for comprehensive health promotion are examined, including the following critical elements: (i) effective advocacy for the concept and practice of health promotion; (ii) enabling policy structures for universal health promotion actions on a cross-sectoral basis; (iii) effective implementation systems, support mechanisms and workforce capacity for multisectoral health promotion action; (iv) investment in innovative research methods and knowledge translation to inform transformative health promotion approaches. In strengthening capacity to implement transformative health promotion actions, political will needs to be mobilized to ensure that dedicated and sustainable funding is made available, and the organizational and workforce capacity to deliver effective health promotion interventions is in place. The International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) plays a central role in advancing transformative health promotion through mobilising and supporting its global members and partners in strengthening health promotion systems.