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"Sadat, Anwar"
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BRIDGING CULTURES, LEADING PEACE: LEADERSHIP AND INTERCULTURALISM IN THE ISRAEL-EGYPT PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
The 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt marked a historic turning point in Middle Eastern diplomacy, establishing the first formal recognition of Israel by an Arab state. This article revisits the Israeli-Egyptian peace process to examine the interplay between political leadership and intercultural competence in the achievement of breakthrough agreements. While the roles of Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter have been widely acknowledged, this study argues that visionary and courageous leadership, though indispensable, was not sufficient on its own. Instead, it contends that the leaders' ability to navigate intercultural dynamics—through empathy, symbolic communication, and cultural sensitivity—was a critical enabling factor that amplified the effectiveness of their leadership. Drawing on historical analysis and theoretical perspectives from international relations, the article explores how intercultural competence contributed to building trust, overcoming misperceptions, and sustaining diplomatic engagement. By integrating leadership theory with insights from intercultural communication, this study advances a dual proposition: that exceptional leadership is a necessary condition for landmark peace agreements, and that its success in culturally complex conflicts depends significantly on the leader’s intercultural acumen. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the conditions under which diplomatic breakthroughs occur and offer practical implications for contemporary conflict resolution and negotiation strategy.
Journal Article
From Aristotle to Sadat: A Short Strategic Persuasion Framework for Negotiators
Persuasion is undoubtedly a critical negotiation skill. But while the literature has examined its role in negotiation, few, if any, scholars or practitioners have offered a clear strategic framework for putting persuasion into negotiation practice. The ethos, pathos, and logos modes of persuasion elucidated by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.E. provide a clear, understandable, and easy-to-apply framework that students and trainees can use to prepare for negotiation, to deploy during the negotiation process, and to conduct debriefings following a negotiation. In this article, the author describes how to apply this Aristotelian framework and explain an additional dimension of persuasion in negotiation that he believes is also critical: timing. Through the real-world example of Anwar Sadat and his trip to Jerusalem, he demonstrates how this framework has worked in practice.
Journal Article
EGYPT'S INFORMAL ECONOMY
Egypt, the largest state in the Middle East and North Africa region, has long been distinct since the 1970s for its large informal economy, defined in this paper as the economic activities, services, and its related jobs and enterprises that are not regulated or protected by the state. Likewise, it has experienced forms of social unrest, including several instances of large-scale protest, in the ensuing decades. Three protests—in 1977, 2011, and 2019—are analyzed, identifying the reasons surrounding their emergence and how they illustrate the relationship between the informal economy and the state of civil unrest in Egypt.
Journal Article
Turning 'defeat' into 'victory': the power of discourse on the 1973 war in Egypt
The article examines the construction of the 1973 war as a legitimating discourse in Egypt. After an analysis of formal texts (for example, school textbooks), semi-formal texts (for example, the Ahram newspaper) and informal texts (for example, songs scripted to commemorate the event), the article finds a pattern which constructed the war as a 'massive, consistent and unquestionable' victory for Egypt under the rule of Anwar Sadat (1971-81). Based on critical discourse analysis of these previously untapped texts over the eight years of Sadat's rule after the war and drawn on primary sources and interviews, the article traces the genealogy and operationalization of discourse through exploring linguistic and extra-linguistic features synchronized towards the efficacy, durability and credibility of this process. The essay finds that the discourse retains an appearance of coherence, since it is always so closely attuned to its broader state-controlled political context. Rather than inferring from this coherence that the discourse is as historically 'truthful' as any other, this study provides hard evidence that it relies instead upon intentional falsehoods.
Journal Article
Hero of the Crossing
In eleven dramatic years, Anwar Sadat changed history-not just
that of Egypt, or of the Middle East, but of the entire world. As
the architect of the 1973 war against Israel, he gained the support
of other Arab nations and inspired the oil embargo that transformed
the global economy. Following the war, however, he forever ended
Arab aspirations of unity by making peace with Israel. Early in his
presidency, Sadat jettisoned Egypt's alliance with the Soviet Union
and turned to the United States, thereby giving the West a crucial
Cold War victory. Sadat's historic tenure still resonates in the
twenty-first century as the Islamic activists-whom he originally
encouraged but who opposed his conciliatory policy toward Israel
and ultimately played a role in his assassination-continue to
foster activism, including the Muslim Brotherhood, today.
Thomas W. Lippman was stationed in the Middle East as a
journalist during Sadat's presidency and lived in Egypt in the
aftermath of the October War. He knew Sadat personally, but only
now, after the passage of time and the long-delayed release of the
U.S. State Department's diplomatic files, can Lippman assess the
full consequences of Sadat's presidency. Hero of the
Crossing provides an eye-opening account of the profound
reverberations of one leader's political, cultural, and economic
maneuverings and legacy.
eBook
Peace Before Freedom: Diplomacy and Repression in Sadat's Egypt
The autocratic prerogatives of President Anwar Sadat (r. 1970-1981) were a sine qua non of successful bargaining. Negotiators on all sides presupposed tight policing within Egypt. At this crossroads of diplomacy and domestic politics, Sadat fused international peace and internal repression. Lee accounts why Egypt revived practices typically associated with unabashed tyrannies. He also chronicles how the last years of Sadat's presidency were the crucible of a durable peace and a police apparatus redolent of Nasser's rule.
Journal Article
Building Egypt’s Afro-Asian Hub
Despite the recent scholarly recuperation of decolonization struggles, Egyptian contributions to the history of Afro-Asian solidarity remain understudied. Instead, scholarship on Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Egypt has focused on high politics at the Arab regional scale. This article examines the building of ‘infrastructures of solidarity’ on multiple spatial scales in 1950s Cairo, and the interactions of state and popular actors at such sites, which produced Cairo as an Afro-Asian hub. It situates the 1957 Afro-Asian Peoples’ Solidarity Conference in this process, alongside the African Association and Afro-Asian Peoples’ Solidarity Organization. Drawing on concepts of translocality and generative solidarity, this article argues that Egyptian activists and intellectuals engaged in solidarity practices on Arab, African, and Afro-Asian scales simultaneously, and in the relational construction of their political imaginaries in turn. Egypt’s case thus offers valuable insights into the nature of popular solidarity networks, and the porousness of state-society boundaries, in contexts of decolonization.
Journal Article
Media of The Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt
(Ethno)musicologists will benefit from Simon's treatment of an object as a primary point of departure-in the case of his book, the circulation of cassette players and cassettes themselves, and the state's subsequent efforts to gatekeep cultural production via cassettes. [...]Simon notes how the forging of a so-called \"modern\" home was generated by both companies and individual celebrities around particular commodities (48). The archival material utilized here is a large pool of weekly magazine and newspaper articles who published popular crime reports primarily aimed at publicizing the success of Egypt's security sector; Simon powerfully provides a counter-reading of such narratives, this revealing the \"presence of a thriving black market for cassette technology\" (62). Just pages later Simon builds on his analysis of the Sadat photo with a reading of a photograph found at a paper market in Cairo of family members enjoying their cassette radio at a beach vacation, shedding light on the \"interactions of ordinary Egyptians with audiotapes and the object's relationship to leisure\" (44).
Journal Article