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"Sailing"
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Rediscovery of the doldrums in storm-resolving simulations over the tropical Atlantic
The doldrums — a zone of calm and variable winds in the deep tropics between the trades — were of key importance to nineteenth century maritime travel. As a result, the region was a focus in atmospheric science at that time. However, as sailing ships were replaced by steamboats, scientific interest shifted to the heavy precipitating storms within the doldrums: the deep convective systems of the intertropical convergence zone. Now, in storm-system-resolving simulations over a period of two months that cover a large part of the tropical Atlantic, the doldrums are one of the most prominent features. The doldrums are substantially less pronounced in coarser-resolution simulations that use a parameterization for convection, despite their large-scale extent. We conclude that explicitly representing the storm scale dynamics and their coupling to the surface wind on the storm-system scales helps to maintain the systems of winds that define the doldrums. We suggest that the lack of these wind systems could explain the persistent tropical precipitation biases in climate models.
Storm-resolving simulations of the tropical Atlantic region bring out the doldrums, a zone of calm and variable winds in the deep tropics that was described in the nineteenth century and then forgotten.
Journal Article
Navigational Practices and the Use of the Leeboard on Shallow Draft Riverine and Coastal Craft in the Yangzi and Rhine Estuaries
Both in the shallow Yangtze and Rhine deltas, flat-bottomed sailing craft made use of leeboards to prevent the drift of the ship when reaching or sailing close-hauled. Without a doubt, the leeboard was invented earlier in China, but contrary to what is often suggested, the Dutch leeboard was not adopted from the Chinese example. Its invention should be considered an independent act, a case of convergence. The leeboard was introduced in the Low Countries simultaneously with the adoption of the fore-and-aft ‘jib and spritsail’ rig and the transformation from narrow to broader ship hulls during the late Middle Ages. Over time the Dutch leeboard was further refined in form: deep and narrow leeboards for seagoing fishing vessels and round and shallow leeboards for the sailing barges and pleasure craft on lakes, canals, and rivers.
Journal Article
Navigational Practices and the Use of the Leeboard on Shallow Draft Riverine and Coastal Craft in the Yangzi and Rhine Estuaries
Both in the shallow Yangtze and Rhine deltas, flat-bottomed sailing craft made use of leeboards to prevent the drift of the ship when reaching or sailing close-hauled. Without a doubt, the leeboard was invented earlier in China, but contrary to what is often suggested, the Dutch leeboard was not adopted from the Chinese example. Its invention should be considered an independent act, a case of convergence. The leeboard was introduced in the Low Countries simultaneously with the adoption of the fore-and-aft ‘jib and spritsail’ rig and the transformation from narrow to broader ship hulls during the late Middle Ages. Over time the Dutch leeboard was further refined in form: deep and narrow leeboards for seagoing fishing vessels and round and shallow leeboards for the sailing barges and pleasure craft on lakes, canals, and rivers.
Journal Article
Learn to sail today! : from novice to sailor in one week
Written specifically for the uninitiated, this sailing primer covers the essentials step by step without intimidating diagrams and long lists of sail boat parts, discussing everything from sail-trim theory and practice, safety, sailing etiquette, boat-inspection, steering, and docking to sailing to another harbor and buying your first boat.
Book
The race to save British sailing history
One of the oldest sailing races in the world is the Thames Sailing Barge Match in Britain. The race is now largely about the preservation of British tradition.
Streaming Video
Sailing alone : a history
Sailing on a boat by yourself out at sea and out of sight of land can be exhilarating or terrifying, compelling or tedious - sometimes it can be all of these things just in one morning. It is an adventure at odds with our normal, sociable lives, carried out floating on a medium wholly inimical to our existence. But the deep ocean is also a remarkable place on which to think. Richard King's engaging and curious book is about the debt we owe to solo sailors: women and men, young and old, who have set out alone. Spending weeks and months alone, slowly, quietly, and close to the ocean surface is to create the world's largest laboratory: an endlessly changing, capricious and startling place in which to observe oneself, the weather, the stars and myriad sea creatures, from the tiniest to the most massive and threatening.
BOOK
Monitoring the compliance of sailing ships with fuel sulfur content regulations using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) measurements of ship emissions in open water
Due to technical and cost limitations, the monitoring of emissions from ships sailing in open water within ship emission control areas (ECAs) is relatively rare. The present study adopts a monitoring method involving an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that takes off from a patrol boat to measure the concentrations of SO2 and CO2 within the plumes of sailing ships. Our method aims to provide a low-cost, remote approach for estimating the fuel sulfur content (FSC) of sailing ships in open water, which overcomes the limitations of ground-based and small-aircraft-based methods. The selected monitoring area was the Yangtze River estuary, a domestic ECA with an FSC limit of 0.5 % (m∕m) implemented by the Chinese government. A total of 27 sailing ships were monitored, 12 of which were found to have an FSC of >0.5 % (m∕m). Moreover, the FSCs of the sailing ships were found to be higher than those of berthing ships in the study area. Based upon the online monitoring results, four of the monitored ships were intercepted by maritime law enforcement, and fuel samples were collected and analyzed in a laboratory; the results confirmed that all four FSCs were >0.5 % (m∕m). Among them, one offending ship was tracked down on 15 July 2019; this was the first time that a sailing ship had been caught for having failed the FSC regulations in China. Overall, the present study provides scientific support for evaluating the effectiveness of ECA policies and recommends that emissions from sailing ships be monitored more often in open water in the future.
Journal Article