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Rediscovery of the doldrums in storm-resolving simulations over the tropical Atlantic
The doldrums — a zone of calm and variable winds in the deep tropics between the trades — were of key importance to nineteenth century maritime travel. As a result, the region was a focus in atmospheric science at that time. However, as sailing ships were replaced by steamboats, scientific interest shifted to the heavy precipitating storms within the doldrums: the deep convective systems of the intertropical convergence zone. Now, in storm-system-resolving simulations over a period of two months that cover a large part of the tropical Atlantic, the doldrums are one of the most prominent features. The doldrums are substantially less pronounced in coarser-resolution simulations that use a parameterization for convection, despite their large-scale extent. We conclude that explicitly representing the storm scale dynamics and their coupling to the surface wind on the storm-system scales helps to maintain the systems of winds that define the doldrums. We suggest that the lack of these wind systems could explain the persistent tropical precipitation biases in climate models.
Storm-resolving simulations of the tropical Atlantic region bring out the doldrums, a zone of calm and variable winds in the deep tropics that was described in the nineteenth century and then forgotten.
Journal Article
Navigational Practices and the Use of the Leeboard on Shallow Draft Riverine and Coastal Craft in the Yangzi and Rhine Estuaries
Both in the shallow Yangtze and Rhine deltas, flat-bottomed sailing craft made use of leeboards to prevent the drift of the ship when reaching or sailing close-hauled. Without a doubt, the leeboard was invented earlier in China, but contrary to what is often suggested, the Dutch leeboard was not adopted from the Chinese example. Its invention should be considered an independent act, a case of convergence. The leeboard was introduced in the Low Countries simultaneously with the adoption of the fore-and-aft ‘jib and spritsail’ rig and the transformation from narrow to broader ship hulls during the late Middle Ages. Over time the Dutch leeboard was further refined in form: deep and narrow leeboards for seagoing fishing vessels and round and shallow leeboards for the sailing barges and pleasure craft on lakes, canals, and rivers.
Journal Article
Learn to sail today! : from novice to sailor in one week
Written specifically for the uninitiated, this sailing primer covers the essentials step by step without intimidating diagrams and long lists of sail boat parts, discussing everything from sail-trim theory and practice, safety, sailing etiquette, boat-inspection, steering, and docking to sailing to another harbor and buying your first boat.
Book
Navigational Practices and the Use of the Leeboard on Shallow Draft Riverine and Coastal Craft in the Yangzi and Rhine Estuaries
Both in the shallow Yangtze and Rhine deltas, flat-bottomed sailing craft made use of leeboards to prevent the drift of the ship when reaching or sailing close-hauled. Without a doubt, the leeboard was invented earlier in China, but contrary to what is often suggested, the Dutch leeboard was not adopted from the Chinese example. Its invention should be considered an independent act, a case of convergence. The leeboard was introduced in the Low Countries simultaneously with the adoption of the fore-and-aft ‘jib and spritsail’ rig and the transformation from narrow to broader ship hulls during the late Middle Ages. Over time the Dutch leeboard was further refined in form: deep and narrow leeboards for seagoing fishing vessels and round and shallow leeboards for the sailing barges and pleasure craft on lakes, canals, and rivers.
Journal Article
Sailing alone : a history
Sailing on a boat by yourself out at sea and out of sight of land can be exhilarating or terrifying, compelling or tedious - sometimes it can be all of these things just in one morning. It is an adventure at odds with our normal, sociable lives, carried out floating on a medium wholly inimical to our existence. But the deep ocean is also a remarkable place on which to think. Richard King's engaging and curious book is about the debt we owe to solo sailors: women and men, young and old, who have set out alone. Spending weeks and months alone, slowly, quietly, and close to the ocean surface is to create the world's largest laboratory: an endlessly changing, capricious and startling place in which to observe oneself, the weather, the stars and myriad sea creatures, from the tiniest to the most massive and threatening.
Book
Safety in Sailing Tourism: The Case of the Great Masurian Lakes Route
Recreational sailing has become an increasingly popular form of leisure in Poland. The well-known Great Masurian Lakes Route (GMLR) allows visitors to explore picturesque locations that are inaccessible from land. Most scientific studies focus on safety in maritime sailing, whereas there is a lack of publications and scholarly analysis concerning yacht sailing on lakes. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of skippers with varying levels of qualifications regarding the factors affecting sailing safety, as well as to analyze police statistics and data from the Masurian Volunteer Rescue Service (MOPR) concerning incidents involving vessels on GMLR.
A survey of skippers’ opinions was conducted during the summer seasons of 2024-2025 at seven ports located along GMLR. An original questionnaire developed by the authors was used, and its reliability was assessed (Kappa = 0.92). Data on police interventions were provided by the Head of the Social Communication Department of the Provincial Police Headquarters in Olsztyn. Data on rescue operations and other activities were obtained from MOPR based in Giżycko.
Nearly half of the surveyed yacht skippers (49.5%) consider the need for changes in legal regulations to be justified, while 57.2% see the need for mandatory sailing training before taking the exam. Checking the weather before departing from the port and properly responding to weather changes and received warning signals are the main factors affecting sailing safety. More than half of the respondents (55%) see the need for a universal and free warning-information application for sailors. A significant proportion of sailors consume alcohol during sailing trips or do so occasionally.
Sailors report having very good or good knowledge of legal regulations; however, not all of them adhere to these rules during sailing trips, as confirmed by police statistics. The dangerous situations experienced by the respondents and their safety concerns do not lead to the perceived need to purchase liability insurance.
Journal Article