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Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil
\"The emphasis throughout is to link the fundamentals of the molecules through to the economic drivers for the industry, because this combination determines the technology used for processing.\"-From the Introduction The high demand for quality petroleum products necessitates ongoing innovation in the science and engineering underlying oilsands extraction and upgrading. Beginning with a thorough grounding in the composition, fluid properties, reaction behaviour, and economics of bitumen and heavy oil, Murray Gray then delves into current processing technologies, particularly those used at full commercial scale. The tables of data on composition, yield, and behaviour of oilsands bitumen and heavy oil fractions are extensive. Though the focus is on bitumen from Alberta's oilsands-the largest resource in the world-the science applies to upgrading of heavy oil and petroleum residue feeds worldwide. Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil lays out the current best practice for engineers and scientists in the oilsands and refining industries, government personnel, academics, and students.
eBook
The sand tiger shark
\"Engaging images accompany information about the sand tiger shark. The combination of high-interest subject matter and narrative text is intended for students in grades 3 through 7\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
White‐sand Ecosystems in Amazonia
Vegetation on sandy soils, ranging from open grasslands and shrublands to closed‐canopy, thin‐trunked forests, can be found in patches throughout the Amazon. Despite variation in names, appearance, ecological correlates, and suggested origins, these ‘white‐sand ecosystems’ (WSE) share distinctive characteristics and biological communities. Here, in the first Amazon‐wide review of WSE, we review the variation in WSE and the factors underlying this variation. We present the most comprehensive Amazon‐wide map to date of WSE and calculate their total area. We find that WSE are still not completely mapped, and we use biological correlates as a proxy to indicate where white‐sand vegetation patches likely occur. Through our synthesis of the literature, we find that key factors, such as geologic origin, soil characteristics, hydrology, and fire regimes, vary widely and have differing impacts in different regions on vegetation structure and on floral, faunal, and fungal species composition. Although studies of WSE have increased dramatically in recent years, WSE in many parts of the Amazon remain understudied, and there is little synthesis of the interaction of factors across different areas. In response, we suggest priorities for future research. Finally, we find that WSE are inadequately protected and, where accessible, are regularly mined for sand, logged, or burned and cleared for agriculture. We argue that due to their island‐like distribution patterns and resultant complex metapopulation dynamics, their extremely slow recovery after disturbance, and their important contributions to basin‐wide diversity patterns and ecosystem services, WSE should be given special consideration in conservation efforts to ensure their persistence in Amazonia.
Journal Article
Building sandcastles
A brief guide to the art of building sandcastles. Includes ideas for a variety of structures.
Book
Range Wars
Established in south-central New Mexico at the end of World War II, White Sands Missile Range is the largest overland military reserve in the western hemisphere. It was the site of the first nuclear explosion, the birthplace of the American space program, and the primary site for testing U.S. missile capabilities.
In this environmental history of White Sands Missile Range, Ryan H. Edgington traces the uneasy relationships between the military, the federal government, local ranchers, environmentalists, state game and fish personnel, biologists and ecologists, state and federal political figures, hunters, and tourists after World War II-as they all struggled to define and productively use the militarized western landscape. Environmentalists, ranchers, tourists, and other groups joined together to transform the meaning and uses of this region, challenging the authority of the national security state to dictate the environmental and cultural value of a rural American landscape. As a result, White Sands became a locus of competing geographies informed not only by the far-reaching intellectual, economic, and environmental changes wrought by the cold war but also by regional history, culture, and traditions.
eBook
Sand tiger sharks
Describes the physical characteristics, behavior, and life cycle of sand tiger sharks.
Book
Analysis of the Causes and Treatment Measures of Sand Production in Tight Oil Wells
The A reservoir is a tight reservoir with low porosity and low permeability, and natural fractures are not developed, so it is necessary to add proppant to form oil and gas flow channels after large-scale fracture network fracturing to improve the permeability of formation, so as to obtain production, it also faces the problem of sand production. According to the production situation, 28 Wells with inconsistent performance were selected for sand flushing. After sand flushing, the output of 14 Wells increased, the output of 7 Wells did not meet the expectation, and 7 Wells did not produce sand. From the perspective of sand column height classification of vertical Wells, the higher the sand column, the better the effect of sand washing and oil increase. For sand production wells, it is considered that when crude oil carries sand and rises in the wellbore, its flowability becomes poor as the temperature falling, the sand column is gradually accumulated, blocking the wellbore, and the effect of sand washing is good. The sand surface is concentrated at the bottom of the well, without causing blockage to the wellbore, and has little impact on the flow of crude oil. The expected effect can not be achieved after sand flushing. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the main reasons for sand production in tight oil wells are high sand addition intensity, large absolute sand addition per well, increasing proportion of silty sand proppant application, discontinuous or unstable backflow process, long braising time and poor reservoir development. This article provides specific measures and suggestions for optimizing fracturing parameters, post fracturing diffusion time, blowout system, and sand control and solidification measures, which have good guiding significance for sand control in subsequent oil wells and ensure the safe production and operation of oil wells.
Journal Article
Sand tiger sharks
\"Sand tiger sharks are unique for their jagged teeth and ability to swallow air to help them float underwater. Find out why these slow-moving sharks are not as scary as they look. Download the Capston 4D app to access a variety of bonus content.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Improvement of sand-washing performance and internal flow field analysis of a novel downhole sand removal device
With the progression of many shale gas wells in the Sichuan-Chongqing region of China into the middle and late stages of exploitation, the problem of sand production in these wells is a primary factor influencing production. Failure to implement measures to remove sand from the gas wells will lead to a sharp decline in production after a certain period of exploitation. Moreover, As the amount of sand produced in the well increases, the production layer will be potentially buried by sand. To boost the production of shale gas wells in the Sichuan-Chongqing region and improve production efficiency, a novel downhole jet sand-washing device has been developed. Upon analyzing the device's overall structure, it is revealed that the device adopts a structural design integrating a jet pump with an efficient sand- washing nozzle, providing dual capabilities for jet sand- washing and sand conveying via negative pressure. To enhance the sand- washing and unblocking performance of the device, various sand- washing fluids and the structures of different sand- washing nozzles are compared for selection, aiming to elevate the device's sand- washing and unblocking performance from a macro perspective. Subsequently, drawing on simulation and internal flow field analysis of the device's sand- washing and unblocking process through CFD and the control variable method, it is ultimately found that the length diameter ratio of the cylindrical segment of the nozzle outlet, the outlet diameter, and the contraction angle of the nozzle greatly influence the device's sand- washing and unblocking performance. And the optimum ranges for the length-diameter ratio of the cylindrical segment of the nozzle outlet, the outlet diameter, the contraction angle of the nozzle, and the inlet diameter are 2 to 4, 6 mm to 10 mm, 12° to 16°, and 18 mm and 22 mm, respectively. The findings of the research not only provide new insights into existing sand removal processes but also offer a novel structure for current downhole sand removal devices and a specific range for the optimal size of the nozzle.
Journal Article