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Mental health status of informal waste workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
The deadliest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is taking thousands of lives worldwide and presents an extraordinary challenge to mental resilience. This study assesses mental health status during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors among informal waste workers in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June 2020 among 176 informal waste workers selected from nine municipalities and one city corporation in Bangladesh. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to assess respondents’ mental health. The study found that 80.6% of the individuals were suffering from psychological distress; 67.6% reported anxiety and depression, 92.6% reported social dysfunction, and 19.9% reported loss of confidence. The likelihood of psychological distress (Risk ratio [RR]: 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.48) was significantly higher for female than male. Multiple COVID-19 symptoms of the family members (RR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.41), unawareness about COVID-19 infected neighbor (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04–1.41), income reduction (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06–2.41) and daily household meal reduction (RR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03–1.73) were also found to be associated with psychological distress. These identified factors should be considered in policy-making and support programs for the informal waste workers to manage the pandemic situation as well as combating COVID-19 related psychological challenges.
Journal Article
La Ville Durable en Afrique Face Au défi de l'assainissement Liquide
Les villes africaines concentrent désormais les grands défis écologiques, sociétaux et économiques de notre siècle en matière d'assainissement.La ville durable en Afrique face au défi de l'assainissement liquide questionne la place de ce service, pourtant indispensable, dans la fabrique des villes en Afrique. L'absence de réseaux d'égouts et de stations d'épuration dans la plupart des villes africaines, déjà submergées par une forte croissance démographique, ajouté à l'urbanisation anarchique constitue un problème majeur. Pour répondre à ce défi, il faut impérativement repenser la gouvernance hydraulique urbaine qui ne peut plus se soustraire aux normes d'urbanisme durable.Cet ouvrage propose désormais d'inscrire les questions d'assainissement au coeur de la planification urbaine. Des politiques publiques d'assainissement liquide doivent être menées pour doter chaque ville africaine d'un réseau public d'égouts et d'une station d'épuration comme le préconisent les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD6) des Nations Unies.
eBook
Pathogen cross-transmission via building sanitary plumbing systems in a full scale pilot test-rig
The WHO Consensus Document on the epidemiology of the SARS epidemic in 2003, included a report on a concentrated outbreak in one Hong Kong housing block which was considered a 'super-spreading event'. The WHO report conjectured that the sanitary plumbing system was one transmission route for the virus. Empty U-traps allowed the aerosolised virus to enter households from the sewerage system. No biological evidence was presented. This research reports evidence that pathogens can be aerosolised and transported on airstreams within sanitary plumbing systems and enter buildings via empty U-traps. A sanitary plumbing system was built, representing two floors of a building, with simulated toilet flushes on the lower floor and a sterile chamber with extractor fan on the floor above. Cultures of a model organism, Pseudomonas putida at 106-109 cfu ml-1 in 0·85% NaCl were flushed into the system in volumes of 6 to 20 litres to represent single or multiple toilet flushes. Air and surface samples were cultured on agar plates and assessed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. Flushing from a toilet into a sanitary plumbing system generated enough turbulence to aerosolise pathogens. Typical sanitary plumbing system airflows (between 20-30 ls-1) were sufficient to carry aerosolised pathogens between different floors of a building. Empty U-traps allowed aerosolised pathogens to enter the chamber, encouraging cross-transmission. All parts of the system were found to be contaminated post-flush. Empty U-traps have been observed in many buildings and a risk assessment indicates the potential for high risk cross-transmission under defect conditions in buildings with high pathogen loading such as hospitals. Under defective conditions (which are not uncommon) aerosolised pathogens can be carried on the airflows within sanitary plumbing systems. Our findings show that greater consideration should be given to this mode of pathogen transmission.
Journal Article
Advanced technologies for solid, liquid, and gas waste treatment
Advanced Technologies for Solid, Liquid, and Gas Waste Treatment presents the potential of using advanced and emerging technologies to effectively treat waste. This book uniquely addresses treatment techniques for waste in all three phases, solid, liquid, and gas, with the goals of mitigating negative impacts of waste and producing valued-added products, such as biogas and fertilizer, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in the field. Covers a wide range of advanced and emerging treatment technologies such as photocatalysis processing, adsorptive membranes, pyrolysis, advanced oxidation process, electrocoagulation, composting technologies, etc. Addresses issues associated with wastes in different phases. Discusses the pros and cons of treatment technologies for handling different wastes produced by different industrial processes, such as agricultural biomass, industrial/domestic solid wastes, wastewater, and hazardous gas. Includes application of artificial intelligence in treatment of electronic waste. This book will appeal to chemical, civil, and environmental engineers working on waste treatment, waste valorization, and pollution control.
Book
International experiences in stormwater fee
Stormwater management (SWM) includes a wide range of services aimed at environmental protection, enhancement of water resources and flood control. Local governments are responsible for managing all these aspects within their jurisdiction, but they often present limitations in generating revenues. Thus, many municipalities have been seeking a dedicated funding source for these programs and practices. This publication provides a brief overview of current legal issues associated with stormwater funding focusing on the most used method: fees. It is a successful mechanism to fund legal obligations of municipalities; however, it must have a significant value to motivate the reduction of runoff. Through literature, we found stormwater fees in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, France, Germany, Poland, South Africa and the United States (USA). France had the highest average monthly fee, but this financing experience was suspended in 2014. Brazil has the lowest fee by m², comparable to the US fee. While in Brazil overall SWM represents low priority investments, the USA represents one of the most evolved countries in stormwater funding practices. It was noticed by reviewing the international experience that charging stormwater fees is a successful mechanism to fund the legal obligations and environmental protection.
Journal Article