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Improving transparency, integrity, and accountability in water supply and sanitation
More than 1 billion people around the world live without access to safe, potable water, in part because of poor governance and corruption. Illegal connections and substantial losses caused by deferred maintenance have eroded the revenues of water utilities, leading to a downward spiral in performance. Embezzlement of funds, bribes for access to illegal water connections, manipulation of meter counters, and collusion in public contracts add to the litany of corrupt practices. 'Improving Transparency, Integrity, and Accountability in Water Supply and Sanitation' is a useful tool for diagnosing, analyzing, and remedying systemic corruption in the water supply and sanitation sectors. It will serve as a practical guide for governments; utility regulators, managers, and staff; civil society organizations; contractors; and citizens in their quest for a model of service provision that responds to the pressing needs of people in the developing world. The book aims to increase the involvement of civil society by engaging all stakeholders in setting priorities and monitoring performance; help water and sanitation delivery contribute to poverty reduction by increasing the service quality and coverage provided by service delivery organizations to poorer communities on an equitable basis; provide a tool that promotes the financial sustainability of service delivery organizations, thus building stakeholders' confidence in those institutions' ability to expand and improve service; and raise ethical standards among all stakeholders, especially service delivery organizations, thereby instilling a sense of public service in these organizations.
eBook
Approaches to private participation in Water services: A toolkit
Approaches to Private Participation in Water Services is an informative toolkit that provides options for the design of policies to facilitate the delivery of good quality water and sanitation services to the poor. It highlights the need for tariffs, investment, stakeholder consultation, and regulatory policies to address the affordability and sustainability of those services. Targeted to an audience that includes government advisors as well as consultants, lawyers, and donors, the toolkit builds on previous global experience in private participation in water and sanitation supply. Developing country governments and those interested in private participation in water and sanitation supply will find this toolkit an invaluable resource.
eBook
Improving transparency, integrity, and accountability in water supply and sanitation : action, learning, experiences / María González de Asís and others
This manual on improving transparency, integrity, and accountability in water supply and sanitation is the result of a partnership between the World Bank Institute (WBI) and transparency international (TI). It was developed under the open and participatory government program at the municipal level (known by its Spanish acronym as the GAP Municipal Program). This manual can help: 1) increase the involvement of civil society by engaging all stakeholders in setting water supply and sanitation priorities and monitoring performance, including reducing opportunities for corruption; 2) increase the contributions of water supply and sanitation services to poverty reduction by increasing the quality and coverage of service to poorer communities on an equitable basis; 3) promote the financial sustainability of water and sanitation service delivery organizations, thereby increasing the confidence of consumers, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders in those institutions' ability to expand improve service; and 4) raise ethical standards among all stakeholders, especially service delivery organizations, thereby instilling a sense of public service throughout these organizations.
eBook
Sustainable Development Goal 6 in the era of the Paris Agreement: changes and trade-offs in tailoring water challenges to global climate goals
Water and climate change have long been siloed in global governance until a recent push in the water sector to integrate water into global climate governance. This move has raised questions within the sector on whether framing water as a climate issue risks leaving behind other important water and sanitation priorities. We look back to the first and premier international forum to debate and consolidate a climate-water problem framing: the inaugural Water Pavilion at the 26th Conference of Parties (COP26) in 2021. We conducted a content analysis of over 75 sessions that included nearly 450 speakers to investigate how these water advocates, practitioners, and policymakers integrated these agendas to frame water as a climate change problem. In this forum, driven by nonprofit and national government representatives, participants converged around a framing of water and climate problems as fundamentally interrelated, but overlooked water sector priorities of equity and universal access to drinking water. A ubiquitous but ambiguous use of the term resilience and focus on inclusion, and not equity, are key tensions in this emerging climate-water problem space. The water sector faces a key juncture in global governance on whether to further integrate into climate change institutions and policy structures in which water priorities may be overshadowed, or push for a stronger independent platform and risk siloing interconnected problems. The climate-water problem space is currently being defined in how national governments craft their 2025 Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. These important climate action planning documents reflect political and funding priorities and will offer a rich site for future work to analyze how the climate-water problem framing is consolidated and described across a range of national governments.
Journal Article
Complaint-Oriented Policing
Over the past 30 years, cities across the United States have adopted quality-of-life ordinances aimed at policing social marginality. Scholars have documented zero-tolerance policing and emerging tactics of therapeutic policing in these efforts, but little attention has been paid to 911 calls and forms of third-party policing in governing public space and the poor. Drawing on an analysis of 3.9 million 911 and 311 call records and participant observation alongside police officers, social workers, and homeless men and women residing on the streets of San Francisco, this article elaborates a model of “complaint-oriented policing” to explain additional causes and consequences of policing visible poverty. Situating the police within a broader bureaucratic field of poverty governance, I demonstrate how policing aimed at the poor can be initiated by callers, organizations, and government agencies, and how police officers manage these complaints in collaboration and conflict with health, welfare, and sanitation agencies. Expanding the conception of the criminalization of poverty, which is often centered on incarceration or arrest, the study reveals previously unforeseen consequences of movealong orders, citations, and threats that dispossess the poor of property, create barriers to services and jobs, and increase vulnerability to violence and crime.
Journal Article
Water and sanitation services in India and Ghana: an assessment of implications for rural health and related SDGs
Provisioning of water and sanitation services has become one of the key determinants of SDGs. This review focuses on the trends in water and sanitation services and reforms in India and Ghana over the last two decades. The findings reveal that access to water has improved in India and Ghana at 81.5 and 92.7%, respectively. However, access to sanitation continues to be a challenge in both countries, with the currently reported coverage being 59.5% and 18.5%, respectively. The index of sustainable development goal (SDG) performance of Ghana and India stands at 65.4 and 61.9 with global rankings of 100 and 117, respectively. The adverse impacts of poor access to sanitation increasingly reflect on rising numbers of population suffering from water-borne diseases. From the policy perspective, the paper highlights the need for framing pro-poor water and sanitation policies; focusing on women and girls’ education; promoting affordable water and sanitation services; promoting collaboration of stakeholders involved in the rural water and sanitation sectors; and increasing budgetary allocations by local governments.
Journal Article
The Cult and Science of Public Health
In contemporary manifestations of public health rituals and events, people are being increasingly united around what they hold in common-their material being and humanity. As a cult of humanity, public health provides a moral force in society that replaces 'traditional' religions in times of great diversity or heterogeneity of peoples, activities and desires. This is in contrast to public health's foundation in science, particularly the science of epidemiology. The rigid rules of 'scientific evidence' used to determine the cause of illness and disease can work against the most vulnerable in society by putting sectors of the population, such as underrepresented workers, at a disadvantage. This study focuses on this tension between traditional science and the changing vision articulated within public health (and across many disciplines) that calls for a collective response to uncontrolled capitalism and unremitting globalization, and to the way in which health inequalities and their association with social inequalities provides a political rhetoric that calls for a new redistributive social programme. Drawing on decades of research, the author argues that public health is both a cult and a science of contemporary society.
eBook
The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the most water scarce region in the world.This report uses an economics lens to understand the institutions through which scarce resources are allocated and managed across competing needs.
eBook