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Livelihood Challenges of the Muga Silk Saree Weaving Community: A Case Study of Sualkuchi, Assam (India)
Muga silk, known as the golden thread, has been reared from a peculiar type of silkworm called muga since time immemorial. The silk is widely grown in Sualkuchi, renowned as Manchester of Assam, as a large population is engaged in handloom industry there. The antique, and mesmerising muga products like mekhela chadar, and saree have occupied the hearts of people from all walks of life as these products carry unique characteristics. Sualkuchi silk is a symbol of the fact that centuries change, eras change, but faith remains eternal. However, the cottage industry faces headwinds from global spillovers in protracted, and intensifying COVID-19 due to informal nature of the industry. Increased temperature, and humidity are one of the major threats to the muga silkworm in the coming decades. The development of the weaving community is the future, not the past; its solution is self-reliance. La seda Muga, conocida como el hilo dorado, se ha extraído desde tiempos inmemoriales de un peculiar gusano de seda llamado muga. Se cultiva en gran medida en Sualkuchi, conocido como el Manchester de Assam en India, donde una gran parte de la población tejedora se dedica al sector de los telares. Los antiquísimos y maravillosos productos de muga, como los mekhela chadar o los saris, tienen un lugar en los corazones de la gente en distintos ámbitos de la vida, ya que los productos de seda muga cuentan con unas características únicas. La seda muga de Sualkuchi representa que, pese a los cambios a través de siglos y épocas, la fe permanece eterna. Sin embargo, la industria artesanal de Assam en India se enfrenta a retos globales, así como los efectos prolongados e intensificados de la COVID-19 debido al carácter informal de la industria de la seda muga. La subida de las temperaturas y la humedad son las mayores amenazas a las que se enfrentarán los gusanos de seda muga en el futuro debido al cambio climático y a alteraciones humanas en el medio ambiente. Le evolución de la comunidad tejedora de saris de seda muga de Sualkuchi es el futuro, no el pasado; su solución es la autosuficiencia. La historia cultural y patrimonial de los saris de seda muga de Assam debe ser restaurada a través de todos los medios posibles; de lo contrario, todo estará en riesgo en Sualkuchi.
Journal Article
Once upon a sari
\"A picture book about a little girl who gets into her mom's saris and makes a glorious, colorful mess and discovers the memories attached to each sari.\"-- Provided by publisher.
CHILDBOOK
'How to drape a saree' Bhagwanlila exports, Varanasi, India
With a blouse and petticoat on,...
Journal Article
Small GTPase Sar1 is crucial for proglutelin and α-globulin export from the endoplasmic reticulum in rice endosperm
Rice seed storage proteins glutelin and α-globulin are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and deposited in protein storage vacuoles (PSVs). Sar1, a small GTPase, acts as a molecular switch to regulate the assembly of coat protein complex II, which exports secretory protein from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. To reveal the route by which glutelin and α-globulin exit the ER, four putative Sar1 genes (OsSar1a/b/c/d) were cloned from rice, and transgenic rice were generated with Sar1 overexpressed or suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) specifically in the endosperm under the control of the rice glutelin promoter. Overexpression or suppression of any OsSar1 did not alter the phenotype. However, simultaneous knockdown of OsSar1a/b/c resulted in floury and shrunken seeds, with an increased level of glutelin precursor and decreased level of the mature α- and β-subunit. OsSar1abc RNAi endosperm generated numerous, spherical, novel protein bodies with highly electron-dense matrixes containing both glutelin and α-globulin. Notably, the novel protein bodies were surrounded by ribosomes, showing that they were derived from the ER. Some of the ER-derived dense protein bodies were attached to a blebbing structure containing prolamin. These results indicated that OsSar1a/b/c play a crucial role in storage proteins exiting from the ER, with functional redundancy in rice endosperm, and glutelin and α-globulin transported together from the ER to the Golgi apparatus by a pathway mediated by coat protein complex II.
Journal Article
Number of answer categories for bipolar item specific scales in face-to-face surveys: Does more mean better?
Since decades, surveys have been the main source of data in a considerable amount of studies. Designing surveys implies taking many decisions which affect the data quality and thus the results. In this paper, we focus on one of these decisions: the number of answer categories in bipolar closed-ended item specific attitudinal questions. We investigate the measurement quality (product of reliability and validity) of such scales using data from three Multitrait-Multimethod experiments implemented in the European Survey Social (face-to-face): two about social trust (rounds 1 and 4), and one about immigration (round 6). Data are analyzed using the Estimation Using Pooled Data procedure (Saris and Satorra in Struct. Equ. Modeling 25(5): 659–672, 2018). The results show that, out of the three scales tested, the 11-point scale has higher quality in the immigration experiment whereas in the social trust experiments, the 6-point is the one with the highest quality.
Journal Article
Reduction of Cholera in Bangladeshi Villages by Simple Filtration
Based on results of ecological studies demonstrating that Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of epidemic cholera, is commensal to zooplankton, notably copepods, a simple filtration procedure was developed whereby zooplankton, most phytoplankton, and particulates >20 µm were removed from water before use. Effective deployment of this filtration procedure, from September 1999 through July 2002 in 65 villages of rural Bangladesh, of which the total population for the entire study comprised ≈133,000 individuals, yielded a 48% reduction in cholera (P < 0.005) compared with the control.
Journal Article
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections With Influenza and Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses
In 2010, Yemen started the surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) by establishing 2 sentinel sites in Sana’a and Aden city. This study aims to determine the proportions of influenza and noninfluenza viruses among SARI patients and to determine the severity of SARI and its associated factors. The data of SARI patients who were admitted to SARI surveillance sites at Al Johory hospital in Sana’a and Al Wahdah hospital in Aden city during the period 2011-2016 were analyzed. The proportions of positive influenza viruses (type A, B) and noninfluenza viruses (respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, human parainfluenza, and human metapneumovirus), intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate, and fatality rate among SARI patients were calculated. A total of 1811 of SARI patients were admitted during 2011-2016. Of those, 78% were <15 years old. A total of 89 (5%) patients had influenza viruses and 655 (36%) had noninfluenza viruses. The overall ICU admission rate was 40% and the case-fatality rate was 8%. Infection by influenza type (A, B) and mixed (adenovirus, human parainfluenza) was significantly associated with lower ICU admission. Age <15 years old, infection with influenza B, pre-existence of chronic diseases, and admission to Aden site were significantly associated with higher fatality rate among patients. In conclusion; SARI patients in Yemen had a high ICU admission and case-fatality rates. Influenza type B, chronic diseases, and admission to Aden site are associated with higher fatality rate. Expanding surveillance sites and panel of laboratory tests to involve other pathogens will help to provide accurate diagnosis for SARI etiology and give more comprehensive picture. Training staff for SARI case management will help to reduce severe outcomes.
Journal Article
Assessing the Frontiers of Ultrapoverty Reduction: Evidence from Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction/Targeting the Ultra-poor, an Innovative Program in Bangladesh
This article uses household panel data to provide robust evidence on the effects of BRAC’s (Building Resources across Countries) Targeting the Ultra-poor (TUP) program in Bangladesh. We use alternative treatment-comparison pairs; in addition to BRAC’s own classification, we exploit type 1 errors in assignment in BRAC’s selection process to create a second treatment-comparison pair. This allows us to estimate the program effects on the target group, not contaminated by mistargeting. To address selection on unobservables, we implement heteroskedasticity-based identification and two recent estimators based on matching and propensity score reweighting. The results show that participation had significant positive effects on food security, clothing, shoes, livestock, and cash savings, but there is weak or no evidence of an impact on the number of household durables and assets and indicators of health and women’s empowerment. The effects on the poorest of the poor (the target group) may be different from the effects on an average participant in the TUP program. When one takes into account the differences in initial conditions, the effects of the TUP program on the poorest of the poor are much larger (as measured by the program effect normalized by the initial mean value of an outcome), which suggests that the TUP program would have had a larger impact with better targeting.
Journal Article