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\"Wherever we turn, we see diverse things scaled for us, from cities to economies to history to love. We know scale by many names, and through many familiar antinomies: 'local' and 'global,' 'micro' and 'macro,' 'events' and the 'longue durâee.' Even the most critical amongst us often proceed with our analysis as if such scales are the readymade platforms of social life, rather than asking how, why, and to what effect scalar distinctions are forged in the first place? How do scalar distinctions help actors and analysts alike make sense of and navigate their social worlds? What do they reveal and what do they conceal? How are scales construed and what effects do they have on the way the people who abide by them think and act? This path-breaking volume attends to the practical labor of scale making and the communicative practices this labor requires. Ethnographically, the chapters demonstrate that scale is practice and process before it is product, whether in the work of projecting 'the commons,' claiming access to 'the big picture,' or scaling the seriousness of a crime\"--Provided by publisher.

The new version includes all figures in the correct order and addresses the figure issues noted in the previous Formal Correction. Originally published, uncorrected article. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093244.s001 (PDF) File S2.

Citation: Koyama K, Hidaka Y, Ushio M (2012) Correction: Dynamic Scaling in the Growth of a Non-Branching Plant, Cardiocrinum cordatum. PLoS ONE 7(11): 10.1371/annotation/adf4e7b0-d177-4d01-9419-1642f9a1318a. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/adf4e7b0-d177-4d01-9419-1642f9a1318a

Most of the planet’s population currently lives in urban areas, and urban land expansion is one of the most dramatic forms of land conversion. Understanding how cities evolve temporally, spatially, and organizationally in a rapidly urbanizing world is critical for sustainable development. However, few studies have examined the coevolution of urban attributes in time and space simultaneously and the adequacy of power law scaling across cities and through time, particularly in countries that have experienced abrupt, widespread, political and economic changes. Here, we show the temporal coevolution of multiple physical, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental attributes in individual cities, and the cross-city scaling of urban attributes at six time points (i.e., 1978, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010) in 32 major Chinese cities. We found that power law scaling could adequately characterize both the cross-city scaling of urban attributes across cities and the longitudinal scaling describing the temporal coevolution of urban attributes within individual cities. The cross-city scaling properties demonstrated substantial changes over time signifying evolved social and economic forces. A key finding was that the cross-city linear or superlinear scaling of urban area with population contradicts the theoretical sublinear power law scaling proposed between infrastructure and population. Furthermore, the cross-city scaling between area and population transitioned from linear to superlinear over time, and the superlinear scaling in recent times suggests decreased infrastructure efficiency. Our results demonstrate a diseconomy of scale in urban areal expansion that indicates a significant waste of land resources in the urbanization process. Future planning efforts should focus on policies that increase urban land use efficiency before continuing expansion.

Fluid‐rock dissolution occurs ubiquitously in geological systems. Surface‐volume scaling is central to predicting overall dissolution rate R involved in modeling dissolution processes. Previous works focused on single‐phase environments but overlooked the multiphase‐flow effect. Here, through limestone‐based microfluidics experiments, we establish a fundamental link between dissolution regimes and scaling laws. In regime I (uniform), the scaling is consistent with classic law, and a satisfactory prediction of R can be obtained. However, the scaling for regime II (localized) deviates significantly from classic law. The underlying mechanism is that the reaction‐induced gas phase forms a layer, acting as a barrier that hinders contact between the acid and rock. Consequently, the error between measurement and prediction continuously amplifies as dissolution proceeds; the predictability is poor. We propose a theoretical model that describes the regime transition, exhibiting excellent agreement with experimental results. This work offers guidance on the usage of scaling law in multiphase flow environments. Plain Language Summary Fluid‐rock dissolution is ubiquitous in natural and engineered systems, including karst formation, geological carbon sequestration, and acid stimulation. Recent developed method for CO2 sequestration relies on mineralization, which transforms CO2 into carbonate minerals through geochemical reactions involving dissolution. The precise modeling of dissolution processes at the continuum‐scale is dependent on the estimation of the overall dissolution rate using surface‐volume scaling laws. This important scaling law is always established in a single‐phase system. Here, through limestone‐based microfluidics experiments, we find that the scaling is significantly affected by the dissolution regime in a multiphase flow environment. When the injection rate is lower, and the geometry is more homogeneous, the dissolution regime adheres to classic law. On the other hand, when the flow is stronger and the heterogeneity exhibits, the dissolution scaling significantly diverges. Our discovery indicates that a layer of CO2 gas attaches to the uneven surface, causing a shielding effect on the dissolution and resulting in a notable deviation. Through establishing a theoretical model for the regime transition, this work offers guidance on the usage of scaling law across various dissolution scenarios. The newly developed scaling can enhance dissolution modeling precision in multiphase flow‐dissolution systems such as geologic carbon sequestration. Key Points We observe two regimes, and the scaling in regime II deviates significantly from classic law, with a poor predictability of dissolution rate We identify a barrier effect in real rock samples that inhibits the contact of acid and rock for the deviation of scaling in regime II We propose a theoretical model for regime transition that offers guidance on the usage of scaling law in multiphase environments