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We study variation in skill demands for professionals across firms and labor markets. We categorize a wide range of keywords found in job ads into 10 general skills. There is substantial variation in these skill requirements, even within narrowly defined occupations. Focusing particularly on cognitive and social skills, we find positive correlations between each skill and external measures of pay and firm performance. We also find evidence of a cognitive social skill complementarity for both outcomes. As a whole, job skills have explanatory power in pay and firm performance regressions beyond what is available in widely used labor market data.

Schulleitungen in Deutschland sind mit einer Vielzahl an Aufgaben konfrontiert. Dabei verfügen sie je nach Werdegang und Bundesland über unterschiedliche Qualifikationen und Kompetenzen. Der Bericht zur LISUM Schulleitungsbefragung 2024 zeigt, dass Schulleitungen in Berlin und Brandenburg die Gesundheitskompetenz bereits heute als für ihre Tätigkeitsfelder relevant ansehen. Für die Zukunft prognostizieren sie, dass ihre Tätigkeit als Krisenmanager*in zunehmen und ihre Gesundheitskompetenz entsprechend noch wichtiger werden wird. (DIPF/Orig.) School leaders in Germany are confronted with a variety of tasks. Depending on their background and federal state, they have different qualifications and skills. The report on the LISUM School Leadership Survey 2024 shows that school leaders in Berlin and Brandenburg consider health literacy to be already today relevant to their fields of activity. For the future, they predict that their work as crisis managers will increase and that their health literacy will become even more important. (DIPF/Orig.)

Empirical evidence suggests that educational attainment nurtures people’s social outcomes and promotes active participation in society and stability. However, it is unclear to what extent other types of human capital also correlate with social outcomes. Hence, we explored the opportunity offered by the PIAAC survey through its provision of information on educational attainment, observed individual key skills proficiency, and participation in adult education and training (adult lifelong learning). We therefore studied the association between these human capital variables and social outcomes, and more specifically interpersonal trust and participation in volunteering activities. Results revealed that these social outcomes were affected not only by the formal qualification obtained, determined by the education variable, but also throughout the life-cycle. Indeed, education and training when undertaken during adult life have a significant impact, especially on volunteering. The fact that the skill proficiency also plays a significant role is extremely relevant, as skills are more likely to change over the life-cycle, either in a positive or negative way. Whilst the formal education received is constant after exiting the educational system, skills reflect competences more accurately: first, because those with the same level of education may have different skill levels because of differences in the quality of education or ability; second, because skills can vary over time. For example, they may increase with work experience or informal education, or decrease as a result of depreciation and ageing. These findings suggest that social outcomes are prone to be affected by many factors other than formal education, suggesting that policy makers can implement recommendations even after formal education has been completed.

Purpose - This paper aims to understand how an external assessment of resources, activities and performance contributes to continuously develop capabilities for business schools. Design/methodology/approach - The EQUIS accreditation framework is reorganized into a capability-based model for business schools. Next, the case of a business school's experience with EQUIS is used to identify core-capabilities. Findings - The paper emphasizes three core-capabilities that are strengthened through the EQUIS accreditation process: strategizing, changing and branding. Originality/value - The paper argues that an accreditation process characterized by cyclical assessments and floating standards incorporates the features of a sustainable strategy for continuously developing capabilities within business schools.

Ability drain’s (AD) impact seems economically significant, with 30% of US Nobel laureates since 1906 being immigrants, and immigrants or their children founding 40% of Fortune 500 companies. Nonetheless, while brain drain (BD) and gain (BG) have been studied extensively, AD has not. I examine migration’s impact on ability ( a ), education ( h ), and productive human capital or “skill” s = s ( a ,  h ), for source country residents and migrants under (a) the points system (PS) which accounts for h and (b) the “vetting” system (VS) which accounts for s (e.g., US H-1B program). The findings are as follows: (i) Migration reduces (raises) residents’ (migrants’) average ability, with an ambiguous (positive) impact on average education and skill, and net skill drain, SD, likelier than net BD; (ii) these effects increase with ability’s inequality or variance, are greater under VS than PS, and hurt source countries; (iii) the model and two empirical studies suggest average AD ≥ BD for educated US immigrants, with real income about twice the home country income; and (iv) SD holds for any BD and for a very small AD (7.4% of our estimate). Policy implications are provided.

In an information age of youth social movements,Youth Media Mattersexamines how young people are using new media technologies to tell stories about themselves and their social worlds. They do so through joint efforts in a range of educational settings and media environments, including high school classrooms, youth media organizations, and social media sites. Korina M. Jocson draws on various theories to show how educators can harness the power of youth media to provide new opportunities for meaningful learning and \"do-it-together production.\" Describing the impact that youth media can have on the broader culture, Jocson demonstrates how it supports expansive literacy practices and promotes civic engagement, particularly among historically marginalized youth. InYouth Media Matters, Jocson offers a connective analysis of content area classrooms, career and technical education, literary and media arts organizations, community television stations, and colleges and universities. She provides examples of youth media work-including videos, television broadcasts, websites, and blogs-produced in the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, New York, and St. Louis. At a time when educators are increasingly attentive to participatory cultures yet constrained by top-down pedagogical requirements, Jocson highlights the knowledge production and transformative potential of youth media with import both in and out of the classroom.

Digital technologies will both create new jobs and replace existing ones. To cope with increasing labor market dynamics in the digital age, workers will have to become more mobile across jobs, occupations, and industries. The relative importance of their job-specific skills will decrease while that of their general skills applicable to various occupations will increase. The G20 should establish national adult training programs that focus on improving workers' general skills, specifically their theoretical, non-cognitive, and digital skills. These general skills will enable workers to work with technology instead of competing with it, thereby increasing their job mobility and employability.

We study the role of hard and soft skills in economic performance and social mobility in a sample of twins (N = 2,764) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, combining classical economic models of parental investment with a complete and realistic equilibrium model of genetic transmission of skills. Hard and soft skills have comparable roles in affecting early educational success and college attainment. We then use the information on family background to estimate the determinants of social intergenerational mobility. The transmission of personality characteristics - in particular but not exclusively of intelligence - explains a substantial fraction of upward and downward mobility of children.

With digitalisation, deepening globalisation and population ageing, the world of work is changing. The extent to which individuals, firms and economies can harness the benefits of these changes critically depends on the readiness of adult learning systems to help people develop relevant skills for this changing world of work. This report presents the key results from the Priorities for Adult Learning (PAL) Dashboard which facilitates comparisons between countries along seven dimensions of the readiness of adult learning systems to address future skill challenges. Based on the dashboard, the report highlights in which areas action is needed, and policy examples from OECD and emerging countries throughout the report illustrate how these actions could be implemented.

The aim of this paper is to measure the returns to human capital. We use a unique data set consisting of matched employer-employee information. Data on individuals' human capital include a set of 26 tasks that capture the utilization of workers' skills in a very detailed way. Thus, we can expand the concept of human capital and discuss the type of skills that are more productive in the workplace and, hence, generate a higher payoff for the workers. This paper gives evidence that the returns to generic skills differ depending on the position of the worker in the firm. Only numeracy skills are reward independent of the occupational status of the worker. We also show that generic skills and other measures of human capital have independent effects on wages.