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When Computers Were Human
Before Palm Pilots and iPods, PCs and laptops, the term \"computer\" referred to the people who did scientific calculations by hand. These workers were neither calculating geniuses nor idiot savants but knowledgeable people who, in other circumstances, might have become scientists in their own right. When Computers Were Human represents the first in-depth account of this little-known, 200-year epoch in the history of science and technology. Beginning with the story of his own grandmother, who was trained as a human computer, David Alan Grier provides a poignant introduction to the wider world of women and men who did the hard computational labor of science. His grandmother's casual remark, \"I wish I'd used my calculus,\" hinted at a career deferred and an education forgotten, a secret life unappreciated; like many highly educated women of her generation, she studied to become a human computer because nothing else would offer her a place in the scientific world. The book begins with the return of Halley's comet in 1758 and the effort of three French astronomers to compute its orbit. It ends four cycles later, with a UNIVAC electronic computer projecting the 1986 orbit. In between, Grier tells us about the surveyors of the French Revolution, describes the calculating machines of Charles Babbage, and guides the reader through the Great Depression to marvel at the giant computing room of the Works Progress Administration. When Computers Were Human is the sad but lyrical story of workers who gladly did the hard labor of research calculation in the hope that they might be part of the scientific community. In the end, they were rewarded by a new electronic machine that took the place and the name of those who were, once, the computers.
eBook
Pre-calculus all-in-one
A great resource if you want to do youR best in pre-calculus. Packed with lessons, examples, and practice problems in the book, plus extra chapter quizzes online, it gives you absolutely everything you need to succeed in pre-calc. Unlike your textbook, this book presents the essential topics clearly and concisely, so you can really understand the stuff you learn in class, score high on your tests (including the AP Pre-Calculus exam!), and get ready to confidently move ahead to upper-level math courses.
Book
Plant-associated fungi support bacterial resilience following water limitation
Drought disrupts soil microbial activity and many biogeochemical processes. Although plant-associated fungi can support plant performance and nutrient cycling during drought, their effects on nearby drought-exposed soil microbial communities are not well resolved. We used H
2
18
O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) and 16S rRNA gene profiling to investigate bacterial community dynamics following water limitation in the hyphospheres of two distinct fungal lineages (
Rhizophagus irregularis
and
Serendipita bescii
) grown with the bioenergy model grass
Panicum hallii
. In uninoculated soil, a history of water limitation resulted in significantly lower bacterial growth potential and growth efficiency, as well as lower diversity in the actively growing bacterial community. In contrast, both fungal lineages had a protective effect on hyphosphere bacterial communities exposed to water limitation: bacterial growth potential, growth efficiency, and the diversity of the actively growing bacterial community were not suppressed by a history of water limitation in soils inoculated with either fungus. Despite their similar effects at the community level, the two fungal lineages did elicit different taxon-specific responses, and bacterial growth potential was greater in
R. irregularis
compared to
S. bescii
-inoculated soils. Several of the bacterial taxa that responded positively to fungal inocula belong to lineages that are considered drought susceptible. Overall, H
2
18
O qSIP highlighted treatment effects on bacterial community structure that were less pronounced using traditional 16S rRNA gene profiling. Together, these results indicate that fungal–bacterial synergies may support bacterial resilience to moisture limitation.
Journal Article
Blueprints : how mathematics shapes creativity
An award-winning mathematician and Oxford professor looks to the arts to uncover the key mathematical structures that underpin both nature and human creativity.
BOOK
Technological pedagogical content knowledge self-efficacy of pre-service science and mathematics teachers: A comparative study between two Zambian universities
Pre-service science and mathematics teachers’ beliefs and attitudes concerning technology integration significantly influence how confident they are to integrate technology into their teaching. This study is a comparative examination of the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) self-efficacy of 202 pre-service science and mathematics teachers enrolled at two Zambian universities. It also investigated the influence of selected demographic variables on the TPACK self-efficacy of pre-service science and mathematics teachers. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design to collect data, which was analyzed using the independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA. The findings reveal that pre-service teachers have moderate TPACK self-efficacy. Furthermore, the results indicate that students’ self-efficacy at the two universities was not statistically different (t[200]=2.11, p=.83); nonetheless, their TPACK self-efficacy was influenced by gender, year of study and subject specialization in some TPACK constructs. The implications of these findings were discussed.
Journal Article
Is maths real? : how simple questions lead us to mathematics' deepest truths
Why is -(-1) = 1? Why do odd and even numbers alternate? What's the point of algebra? Is maths even real? From imaginary numbers to the perplexing order of operations we all had drilled into us, Eugenia Cheng - mathematician, writer and woman on a mission to rid the world of maths phobia - brings us maths as we've never seen it before, revealing how profound insights can emerge from seemingly unlikely sources.
Book
Analyzing Affective Factors Related to Eighth Grade Learners’ Science and Mathematics Achievement in TIMSS 2007
Psychologists believe that a student’s motivation is influenced by a number of values/beliefs, interests and attitudes that can be positive or negative in their effects. Highly positively motivated students would believe that the task is of value (value beliefs), also with high expectations that they would achieve success (expectancy and self-efficacy beliefs). This article analyzed the affective factors in particular on the values and expectations of Malaysian and Singaporean eighth-graders who participated in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in the 2007 in relation to their science and mathematics achievement. The study explored if these students’ values and expectation towards science and mathematics have any correlation with their achievement in science and mathematics. The data were obtained from 4,466 Malaysian and 4,599 Singaporean Grade 8 students during TIMSS 2007. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 17 was used as plug-in along with IEA International Database analyzer Version 2.0 in data analysis. A comprehensive investigation of the relationship between the variables studied provides a clearer picture to the role played by the variables in affecting students’ achievement in science and mathematics. Educational implications were also deliberated by comparing these two countries that have quite a number of similarities and differences as analyzed from the socio-cultural backgrounds, geographical structures and educational system.
Journal Article
Quantum leaps : how maths is shaping the future
How does Google know what you want to type? How did humans first reach the moon? Could we ever have a supercomputer the size of a pinhead? In this thrilling numerical journey, Hugh Barker explores how mathematics has helped to build the technology of today, and the fascinating ways it is shaping the future. From green energy to 3-D printing and from quantum cryptography to machine learning, 'Quantum Leaps' reveals the hidden mathematics in modern technology.
BOOK
Utilisation of gender responsive pedagogy in classroom instructions among secondary school Mathematics and Science subjects in Tanzania
The educational gender divide has been a concern over decades in which teachers tend to embrace gender blind classroom instructions which strengthen gender discriminations in the classroom. In such classrooms, male students are tolerable to dictate discussions and classroom space thus leading to inequalities. This study examines the extent to which teachers use gender-responsive pedagogy (GRP) in their Mathematics and Science subject classrooms with a view to improving their teaching practices and highlight areas requiring further training support. It also explores the challenges faced by teachers in using GRP. Mixed-method research approach was considered appropriate in understanding teachers’ use of gender-responsive pedagogy. A total of 214 respondents were sampled comprising of 183 Science and Mathematics teachers, 6 tutors, 12 Heads of Schools, 3 Regional Education Officers, 5 District Education Officers, 5 District Quality Assurance Officers were purposively sampled. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and classroom observations. The results indicate that more than 75% teachers mainstreamed gender in their teaching roles. It was revealed 36.61% of the 183 teachers seemed to struggle with GRP. These were mainly those who had not attended training or only attended once. Some challenges impeding the use of GRP to some teachers were highlighted. There is a need for more trainings for those who had not been trained arises.
Journal Article