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The ethics of science journalism in medicine: a science and technology studies approach
Reexamining science journalism through the constructivist lens of Science and Technology Studies (STS), the present paper argues that this perspective promotes a more responsible approach to reporting scientific discoveries in medicine. The dominant anti-constructivist, realist approach often results in what we term \"dramatic modalization,\" which attributes greater facticity and universality to scientific findings than they actually possess at the time of publication, leading to significant moral consequences. To illustrate this, we will first explore the STS perspective as a framework for understanding the construction of facts in practice. Next, through a discourse analysis of two historical cases in medical journalism—the MMR-autism link and the depression-serotonin connection—we will demonstrate that the realist media coverage of these cases engaged in dramatic modalization, resulting in tangible moral repercussions. We hereby propose an alternative STS model for science journalism in medicine, arguing that it offers a more morally responsible approach.
Journal Article
Atomic Bill
In Atomic Bill
, Vincent Kiernan examines the fraught career of
New York Times science
journalist, William L. Laurence and shows his professional and
personal lives to be a cautionary tale of dangerous proximity to
power. Laurence was fascinated with atomic science and its
militarization. When the Manhattan Project drew near to perfecting
the atomic bomb, he was recruited to write much of the government's
press materials that were distributed on the day that Hiroshima was
obliterated. That instantly crowned Laurence as one of the leading
journalistic experts on the atomic bomb. As the Cold War dawned,
some assessed Laurence as a propagandist defending the
militarization of atomic energy. For others, he was a skilled
science communicator who provided the public with a deep
understanding of the atomic bomb. Laurence leveraged his perch at
the Times to engage in paid speechmaking, book writing,
filmmaking, and radio broadcasting. His work for the Times declined
in quality even as his relationships with people in power grew
closer and more lucrative. Atomic Bill reveals
extraordinary ethical lapses by Laurence such as a cheating scandal
at Harvard University and plagiarizing from press releases about
atomic bomb tests in the Pacific. In 1963 a conflict of interest
related to the 1964 World's Fair in New York City led to his forced
retirement from the Times . Kiernan shows Laurence to have
set the trend, common among today's journalists of science and
technology, to prioritize gee-whiz coverage of discoveries. That
approach, in which Laurence served the interests of governmental
official and scientists, recommends a full revision of our
understanding of the dawn of the atomic era.
eBook
Interactive journalism : hackers, data, and code
\"Traditional journalism faces the growing reality that the news business model remains an unsolvable problem. Audiences can go anywhere at any time. Technological and computing advances offer opportunities to explore on web and mobile beyond what has ever been possible before, thanks to an explosion in programming knowledge. The infrastructure and experience of information delivery has evolved to seemingly erase time and space boundaries. This larger setting for news, bound up in changes to economics, technology and culture, has created the conditions for a new subspecialty of the journalism profession to emerge: interactive journalism. In Interactive Journalism, Nikki Usher brings together a comprehensive theoretical and empirical portrait of this subspeciality. Beginning with a theoretical overview of professionalism, Usher provides a comprehensive history of fields that come together to define interactive journalism: computer assisted reporting, photojournalism and graphics. She then moves from the people behind interactive journalism to the work that these journalists do to the special abstract knowledge they provide the profession. With vignettes from across the world, she takes us from in-depth look at Al Jazeera English interactive creation to the BBC to the Guardian's data desk to the New York Times. Interactive Journalism illuminates the professions, people, work and knowledge of a subspeciality that has emerged in the age of the rise of digital culture as a possible answer to the decline and fall of traditional journalism\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Culture And Science in the Nineteenth-Century Media
Written by literary scholars, historians of science, and cultural historians, the twenty-two original essays in this collection explore the intriguing and multifaceted interrelationships between science and culture through the periodical press in nineteenth-century Britain. Ranging across the spectrum of periodical titles, the six sections comprise: 'Women, Children, and Gender', 'Religious Audiences', 'Naturalizing the Supernatural', 'Contesting New Technologies', 'Professionalization and Journalism', and 'Evolution, Psychology, and Culture'. The essays offer some of the first 'samplings and soundings' from the emergent and richly interdisciplinary field of scholarship on the relations between science and the nineteenth-century media.
eBook
Newsworkers : a comparative European perspective
\"Comparing a range of European countries, this study looks at how journalistic work has been affected by the changes to journalism institutions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Gap between science and media revisited: Scientists as public communicators
The present article presents an up-to-date account of the current media relations of scientists, based on a comprehensive analysis of relevant surveys. The evidence suggests that most scientists consider visibility in the media important and responding to journalists a professional duty—an attitude that is reinforced by universities and other science organizations. Scientific communities continue to regulate media contacts with their members by certain norms that compete with the motivating and regulating influences of public information departments. Most scientists assume a two-arena model with a gap between the arenas of internal scientific and public communication. They want to meet the public in the public arena, not in the arena of internal scientific communication. Despite obvious changes in science and in the media system, the orientations of scientists toward the media, as well as the patterns of interaction with journalists, have their roots in the early 1980s. Although there is more influence on public communication from the science organizations and more emphasis on strategic considerations today, the available data do not indicate abrupt changes in communication practices or in the relevant beliefs and attitudes of scientists in the past 30 y. Changes in the science–media interface may be expected from the ongoing structural transformation of the public communication system. However, as yet, there is little evidence of an erosion of the dominant orientation toward the public and public communication within the younger generation of scientists.
Journal Article
Journalism and free speech
\"Journalism and Free Speech brings together for the first time an historical and theoretical exploration of journalism and its relationship with the idea of free speech. Though freedom of the press is widely regarded as an essential ingredient to democratic societies, the relationship between the idea of freedom of speech and the practice of press freedom is one that is generally taken for granted. Censorship, in general terms is an anathema. This book explores the philosophical and historical development of free speech and critically examines the ways in which it relates to freedom of the press in practice. The main contention of the book is that the actualisation of press freedom should be seen as encompassing modes of censorship which place pressure upon the principled connection between journalism and freedom of speech. Topics covered include: The Philosophy of Free SpeechJournalism and Free SpeechPress Freedom and the Democratic ImperativeNew Media and the Global Public SphereRegulating JournalismPrivacy and DefamationNational Security and InsecurityOwnershipNews, Language Culture and CensorshipThis book introduces students to a wide range of issues centred around freedom of speech, press freedom and censorship, providing an accessible text for courses on journalism and mass media\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Policy Response, Social Media and Science Journalism for the Sustainability of the Public Health System Amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Vietnam Lessons
Having geographical proximity and a high volume of trade with China, the first country to record an outbreak of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Vietnam was expected to have a high risk of transmission. However, as of 4 April 2020, in comparison to attempts to containing the disease around the world, responses from Vietnam are seen as prompt and effective in protecting the interests of its citizens, with 239 confirmed cases and no fatalities. This study analyzes the situation in terms of Vietnam’s policy response, social media and science journalism. A self-made web crawl engine was used to scan and collect official media news related to COVID-19 between the beginning of January and April 4, yielding a comprehensive dataset of 14,952 news items. The findings shed light on how Vietnam—despite being under-resourced—has demonstrated political readiness to combat the emerging pandemic since the earliest days. Timely communication on any developments of the outbreak from the government and the media, combined with up-to-date research on the new virus by the Vietnamese science community, have altogether provided reliable sources of information. By emphasizing the need for immediate and genuine cooperation between government, civil society and private individuals, the case study offers valuable lessons for other nations concerning not only the concurrent fight against the COVID-19 pandemic but also the overall responses to a public health crisis.
Journal Article