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"Scientific method"
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Observe it!
\"We all learn about the world around us by making observations. Scientists are no exception! This intriguing title explains how scientists observe using their senses and tools. Readers will apply what they learn by making observations, comparing, sorting, and classifying.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Improving Preservice Primary Teachers’ Understanding of the Nature of Methods of Science Through Reflective Reading of News Articles
A study is presented that analyzed the pedagogical efficacy of reading opinion articles about methods of science, published in the media, in order to improve the meta-scientific understanding of 52 preservice primary teachers (PPTs) with regard to the topic. To this end, an activity was designed taking an explicit and reflective approach. The design of the activity required a short teaching intervention when being implemented in class in order to facilitate its integration into the program of the subject of science teaching. Before doing the activity, the PPTs’ prior conceptions about the nature of methods of science were diagnosed using the
Opinions about Science, Technology and Society Questionnaire
(COCTS, in its Spanish acronym). The activity consisted of reading the articles, and then responding in small work groups to a series of questions for reflection and debate on the topic. The groups’ responses were then shared and discussed in class. Once the activity had finished, the PPTs responded to the questionnaire again (post-test) in order to evaluate how their conceptions had progressed. There was an improvement in their understanding of various aspects of the nature of methods of science (e.g., scientists use a variety of methods in their research depending on the object of study, the context, and the resources available, or that
the scientific method
is an idealized, simplistic, and therefore poor representation of how scientists do research). These results show that the activity was effective in getting the PPTs to reflect and learn about the topic. Finally, the limitations of the study are discussed (e.g., the limited time frame to implement the activity and evaluate results), and some future research perspectives are given to improve the understanding of PPTs about the nature of methods of science.
Journal Article
Comparing Practical Items in High-Stake Exams in Different Science Subjects: in View of the Diversity of Scientific Methods
This paper aimed to investigate how the diversity of scientific methods is represented in practical items of college entrance examinations from three science subjects in China. The study was conducted based on the theoretical framework derived from Brandon’s Matrix consisting of four types of scientific methods. National Papers for comprehensive science examination in 2022 were selected as the analysis targets. The results revealed that the imbalanced representation of scientific methods existed in college entrance science examinations. The percentage of non-manipulative parameter measurement (NPM) was relatively high, while manipulative hypothesis testing (MHT) was presented in a limited capacity, indicating the practical items in China are less experimental. Furthermore, the distribution of the four types of scientific methods in practical items varied across the three science subjects. At the end of this paper, the implications of the findings and the suggestions for the further studies were discussed.
Journal Article
Observation and experiment : an introduction to causal inference
We hear that a glass of red wine prolongs life, that alcohol is a carcinogen, that pregnant women should drink not a drop of alcohol. Major medical journals first claimed that hormone replacement therapy reduces the risk of heart disease, then reversed themselves and said it increases the risk of heart disease. What are the effects caused by consuming alcohol or by receiving hormone replacement therapy? These are causal questions, questions about the effects caused by treatments, policies or preventable exposures. Some causal questions can be studied in randomized trials, in which a coin is flipped to decide the treatment for the next experimental subject. Because randomized trials are not always practical, nor always ethical, many causal questions are investigated in non-randomized observational studies. The reversal of opinion about hormone replacement therapy occurred when a randomized clinical trial contradicted a series of earlier observational studies. Using minimal mathematics - high school algebra and coin flips -- and numerous examples, Observation and Experiment explains the key concepts and methods of causal inference. Examples of randomized experiments and observational studies are drawn from clinical medicine, economics, public health and epidemiology, clinical psychology and psychiatry.-- Provided by publisher
Book
Using the Scientific Method to Guide Learning: An Integrated Approach to Early Childhood Curriculum
Researchers and practitioners have become increasingly interested in how early childhood programs prepare young children for science. Due to a number of factors, including educators’ low self-efficacy for teaching science and lack of educational resources, many early childhood classrooms do not offer high-quality science experiences for young children. However, high-quality science education has the potential to lay an important foundation for children’s knowledge and interest in science as well as reinforcing and integrating critical language, literacy, and math readiness skills. This paper examines the current research on science in preschool classrooms and provides suggestions on how to teach science that supports children’s development across domains. Using the scientific method to explore science with young children provides a systematic model for engaging children in observation, questioning, predicting, experimenting, summarizing, and sharing results. These processes encourage children’s use of language, literacy, and mathematics skills in authentic ways. Suggestions are provided for teachers to use the scientific method as their guide for generating scientific discovery in their classroom.
Journal Article
Predict it!
\"Scientists look for patterns to help them make predictions. This motivating title explores different patterns in the natural world, such as day and night and the changing seasons. Using their new knowledge, readers will act like scientists by identifying weather patterns and making predictions.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Current Scientific Methods in European Linguistic Researches: Theoretical Justification
The purpose of the article is to clarify peculiarities of general and specific scientific methods applied to linguistic research and to distinguish between induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis as well as descriptive, comparative, structural, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic and mathematic methods. Theoretical justification of understanding, measuring and keeping distinctive features of the presented methods used in European linguistic researches is the finding of investigation. The practical value of the theoretical justification of methods is to use its results for fundamental studies of all lexico-semantic sub-systems of value paradigms of the Ukrainian, English and French language societies.
Journal Article
Machine Learning for Science: State of the Art and Future Prospects
Recent advances in machine learning methods, along with successful applications across a wide variety of fields such as planetary science and bioinformatics, promise powerful new tools for practicing scientists. This viewpoint highlights some useful characteristics of modern machine learning methods and their relevance to scientific applications. We conclude with some speculations on near-term progress and promising directions.
Journal Article