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Scorpions! : strange and wonderful
Discusses the similarities and differences among the varied species of scorpions.
Book
Venoms of Iranian Scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones) and Their Potential for Drug Discovery
Scorpions, a characteristic group of arthropods, are among the earliest diverging arachnids, dating back almost 440 million years. One of the many interesting aspects of scorpions is that they have venom arsenals for capturing prey and defending against predators, which may play a critical role in their evolutionary success. Unfortunately, however, scorpion envenomation represents a serious health problem in several countries, including Iran. Iran is acknowledged as an area with a high richness of scorpion species and families. The diversity of the scorpion fauna in Iran is the subject of this review, in which we report a total of 78 species and subspecies in 19 genera and four families. We also list some of the toxins or genes studied from five species, including Androctonus crassicauda, Hottentotta zagrosensis, Mesobuthus phillipsi, Odontobuthus doriae, and Hemiscorpius lepturus, in the Buthidae and Hemiscorpiidae families. Lastly, we review the diverse functions of typical toxins from the Iranian scorpion species, including their medical applications.
Journal Article
Scorpion Envenomation
Each year more than a million cases of scorpion envenomation occur worldwide, causing substantial morbidity and, among children, a risk of death. This brief review discusses the effects and treatment of scorpion envenomation.
Every year, more than 1 million cases of scorpion envenomation are reported worldwide.
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Although the resultant mortality is lower than that from snake envenomation, there is substantial morbidity and, among children, a risk of death. Almost all systemic scorpion envenomation causes pain at the site of the sting. A mixed autonomic excitation (neuroexcitatory) syndrome that is unique to scorpions follows; the syndrome varies in type and severity according to the type of scorpion.
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In addition, a cytotoxic envenomation syndrome has been reported in areas of Iran in which
Hemiscorpius lepturus
is endemic.
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Epidemiology
Although millions of scorpion stings occur . . .
Journal Article
A comparative study of using scorpion antivenom versus scorpion antivenom and prazosin drug for scorpion stings management in Sohag University Hospitals
Background
Scorpion envenomation is a worldwide problem, especially in tropical and subtropical areas like Egypt. Scorpion envenomation is responsible for the high mortality rate all over the world, which makes much research carried out to see the efficacy of other drugs as supportive treatment in addition to antivenom.
Aim
To see the efficacy of prazosin drug with scorpion antivenom compared to antivenom alone.
Methods
It is a prospective randomized comparative study between two groups from February 2023 to July 2024. Each group is 50 cases to compare the efficacy of prazosin with antivenom (group 1) and the antivenom alone (group 2) in scorpion stings cases.
Results
The median age of the 100 cases was 7 years old. 54% of the study population were males. 46% of cases were females. Most of the cases were from rural areas. There was no significant difference in age, sex, and the patients’ residence between the two groups. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the duration of stay in the hospital till mortality or discharge, with a median of 3 days in each group. However, there was a significant difference in the antivenom received in each case between the 2 groups, with a median of 6 vials in group 1 and 9 vials in group 2. Mortality and complications were observed to occur more in group 2 than in group 1 despite the insignificant p values. The study’s mortality rate was 14%, 4/50 (8%) in group 1 and 10/50 (20%) in group 2. The number of antivenoms significantly increased with an increase in duration of stay, heart rate, respiratory rate, troponin level, and mortality outcome. While the number of antivenoms significantly decreased with the rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusion and recommendations
: The study concluded that prazosin can be added to antivenom to increase its efficacy and decrease the number of needed antivenoms. Prazosin is a safe drug when used with precautions to avoid the first-dose phenomenon. Prazosin decreases complications and mortality when added to antivenom, but not significantly. The study recommends using prazosin with precautions for all manifested scorpion cases with antivenoms to increase the efficacy of the antivenom and treat the adrenergic manifestation.
Journal Article
Scorpions
\"This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes the venomous scorpion. Readers learn how these desert animals use the stinger on their tails to defend against predators. Also explains the threat of these stings to humans and what to do when they are encountered\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Antivenom for Critically Ill Children with Neurotoxicity from Scorpion Stings
In this randomized trial involving 15 children with neurotoxic symptoms after a scorpion sting, children treated with a scorpion-specific antivenom had a faster resolution of neurologic signs and symptoms and received lower doses of midazolam than children treated with placebo.
Children with neurotoxic symptoms after a scorpion sting who were treated with a scorpion-specific antivenom had a faster resolution of neurologic signs and symptoms and received lower doses of midazolam than children treated with placebo.
In North America, envenomation by neurotoxic scorpions affects more than a quarter of a million people annually, mostly in Mexico.
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The sting produces a syndrome that ranges in severity from a simple sting mark to a life-threatening illness. Mild envenomation, which is more common in adults than in children and consists mainly of local pain, resolves without specific treatment over the course of hours or days. Severe envenomation, which is more common in small children, affects approximately 200 patients annually in Arizona, on the basis of our consultation records. The clinical syndrome includes uncoordinated neuromotor hyperactivity, oculomotor and visual . . .
Journal Article
The deathstalker scorpion
It's hard to believe but some people keep aggressive and dangerous deathstalker scorpions as pets. Learn where this arachnid lives, what it likes to eat, the power of its venom, what medical science has done with this venom to treat patients, and why it lives up to its terrifying name.
Book
Arizona bark scorpion venom resistance in the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus
The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus), a gleaning bat found in the western United States and Mexico, hunts a wide variety of ground-dwelling prey, including scorpions. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the pallid bat is resistant to scorpion venom, but no systematic study has been performed. Here we show with behavioral measures and direct injection of venom that the pallid bat is resistant to venom of the Arizona bark scorpion, Centruroides sculpturatus. Our results show that the pallid bat is stung multiple times during a hunt without any noticeable effect on behavior. In addition, direct injection of venom at mouse LD50 concentrations (1.5 mg/kg) has no effect on bat behavior. At the highest concentration tested (10 mg/kg), three out of four bats showed no effects. One of the four bats showed a transient effect suggesting that additional studies are required to identify potential regional variation in venom tolerance. Scorpion venom is a cocktail of toxins, some of which activate voltage-gated sodium ion channels, causing intense pain. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain nociceptive neurons and are principal targets of scorpion venom toxins. To understand if mutations in specific ion channels contribute to venom resistance, a pallid bat DRG transcriptome was generated. As sodium channels are a major target of scorpion venom, we identified amino acid substitutions present in the pallid bat that may lead to venom resistance. Some of these substitutions are similar to corresponding amino acids in sodium channel isoforms responsible for reduced venom binding activity. The substitution found previously in the grasshopper mouse providing venom resistance to the bark scorpion is not present in the pallid bat, indicating a potentially novel mechanism for venom resistance in the bat that remains to be identified. Taken together, these results indicate that the pallid bat is resistant to venom of the bark scorpion and altered sodium ion channel function may partly underlie such resistance.
Journal Article