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The expansion of the British Empire during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the greatest mass migration in human history, in which the Irish and Scots played a central, complex, and controversial role. The essays in this volume explore the diverse encounters Irish and Scottish migrants had with Indigenous peoples in North America and Australasia. The Irish and Scots were among the most active and enthusiastic participants in what one contributor describes as \"the greatest single period of land theft, cultural pillage, and casual genocide in world history.\" At the same time, some settlers attempted to understand Indigenous society rather than destroy it, while others incorporated a romanticized view of Natives into a radical critique of European society, and others still empathized with Natives as fellow victims of imperialism. These essays investigate the extent to which the condition of being Irish and Scottish affected settlers' attitudes to Indigenous peoples, and examine the political, social, religious, cultural, and economic dimensions of their interactions. Presenting a variety of viewpoints, the editors reach the provocative conclusion that the Scottish and Irish origins of settlers were less important in determining attitudes and behaviour than were the specific circumstances in which those settlers found themselves at different times and places in North America, Australia and New Zealand. Contributors include J. M. Bumsted (Manitoba), Edward J. Cowan (Glasgow), George Dalgleish (National Museums of Scotland), Marjory Harper (Aberdeen), H.P. Klepak (Royal Military College of Canada), Gillian I. Leitch (Montréal), Roderick MacLeod (McGill), Douglas McCalla (Guelph), Heather McNabb (McCord Museum of Canadian History), Irena Murray (Royal Institute of British Architects), Jock Murray (Dalhousie), Cath Oberholtzer (Trent University), Eileen Stack (McCord Museum of Canadian History), René Villeneuve (National Gallery of Canada), and Suzanne Zeller (Wilfrid Laurier).

This book explores the many ways in which a military Scottish identity was reinvented and forged overseas amongst Scotland's diaspora from the late nineteenth century to the present day. It provides case studies from North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

Aboveground plant activity influences fine roots and rhizosphere activity, which is reflected on soil respiration (SR). However, it is still unclear and poorly understood the nature of plant activity control over SR, especially under drought conditions. We studied the plant activity-SR relationship at different timescales in a water-limited mixed Mediterranean forest where Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) are undergoing drought-induced die-off and are being replaced by the more drought-resistant Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.). Half-hourly sap flow (SF), as a proxy of photosynthesis, coupled with measures of SR using solid-state CO2 sensors, were monitored during nine months in four different trees, representative of the diversity and health condition of the forest. SF was strongly associated with SR at both daily and seasonal timescales. At daily timescales, almost no lags were found between SF and SR, indicating a fast control of photosynthesis on SR. However, the association between SF and SR weakened during the summer drought. These temporal patterns were not constant across the trees representing the die-off and replacement processes. SR beneath living pines was highly controlled by SF at daily scale, whereas Holm oak seemed to be more controlled by SF at seasonal scale. The relationship between SF and SR measured beneath dead pine and Holm oak at the daily and seasonal scales was consistent with the colonization of soil gaps by holm oak roots following Scots pine death and suggests that surviving Scots pines are unable to expand their root system in these gaps. Our results collectively show how drought modulates the link between canopy photosynthesis and soil respiration, and increase our understanding on how belowground processes may be affected by the successional dynamics following drought-induced forest mortality. © SISEF.

Planting of seedlings is the most reliable and speedy way of forest restoration. Routine spring planting of bareroot seedlings is frequently unsuccessful in central Europe. In this study, the effects of planting time and a spring-pre-planting application of ectomycorrhiza-hydrogel additive Ectovit and hydrogel Stockosorb on the development of bareroot and container Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings on windthrow area in Western Carpathians, northwest Slovakia were estimated. Survival and aboveground growth parameters during three consecutive years and root dry weight, short root frequency, soil and needle nutrients concentration and ectomycorrhizal fungi root colonization and identification 2 years after planting were assessed. Regardless of planting time and additive, the best developed bareroot spruce (2 + 2) survived significantly better than container spruce (2 + 0), container pine (2 + 0) and especially small-size bareroot pine (1 + 0); bareroot pine was found unsuitable for planting in conditions of planting site. Both additives improved survival of spring-planted container spruce in the summer-drought second year after planting. Container spruce survived and grew significantly better following fall compared to spring planting time. Higher number of short roots was observed in spring than in fall planted bareroot spruce. Neither planting time nor additives affected root dry weight and abundance of ectomycorrhizae. No significant effects of the treatments on pine development were found. Except of K deficiency in container spruce, sufficient or overabundant foliar macro-nutrients concentration was detected. Visual morphotyping of short roots and identification of ectomycorrhizae by DNA analysis indicated inefficient ectomycorrhizal inoculation of seedlings with Ectovit.

• There is a gap between the order of magnitude of maximum documented distances of airborne tree pollen transport (up to 10²-10³ km) and effective wind pollination (up to 10¹ km), which may partly derive from greater difficulties in detecting the latter. This study aims to assess wind pollination over scales closer to the maximum observed physical pollen transport distances. • The origin of effective pollen immigrants into a strongly isolated Iberian Pinus sylvestris remnant was investigated using paternally inherited microsatellite markers and maximum-likelihood estimation combined with Monte Carlo assessment of parameter uncertainty. • The results revealed significant effective pollen flow (up to 4.4%) from a large population located 100 km away, suggesting that the well-known mesoscale airborne transport of viable pine pollen can result in successful pollination over larger scales than previously reported for wind-pollinated tree species. • This study supports the view that the gap between documented potential and effective wind pollen dispersal scales might not accurately reflect biological reality. Expanding the expected range of effective wind pollination has an impact on the assessment of a wide range of ecological and evolutionary processes, including reproductive assurance on fragmentation or colonization, metapopulation connectivity and interactions with local adaptation in heterogeneous habitats.

During Quaternary glaciations, the ranges of Northern Eurasia forest species periodically experienced contraction followed by subsequent re-colonizations in the interglacial intervals. However, unlike the broadleaf trees of temperate forests, taiga species seem not to have retreated fully to southern regions in unfavorable periods and possibly survived at mid-latitudes in multiple refugia. Here, we report a study of genetic variation of three mitochondrial DNA markers in 90 populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) located from Eastern Europe to Eastern Siberia. The geographic distribution of seven mitotypes demonstrated the split between western and eastern populations approximately along the 38th meridian. Genetic diversity in the western part was significantly higher than in the eastern one. Five mitotypes were western- and one eastern-specific. One mitotype was common in both regions, but in the eastern part it occurred only in the South Urals and adjacent areas. The geographic structure in the mitotype distribution supports a hypothesis of post-glacial re-colonization of the studied territory from the European and Ural refugia.

For successful colonization of host roots, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi must overcome host defense systems, and defensive phenotypes have previously been shown to affect the community composition of EM fungi associated with hosts. Secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, form a core part of these defense systems, but it is not yet understood whether variation in these constitutive defenses can result in variation in the colonization of hosts by specific fungal species. We planted seedlings from twelve maternal families of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) of known terpene genotype reciprocally in the field in each of six sites. After 3 months, we characterized the mycorrhizal fungal community of each seedling using a combination of morphological categorization and molecular barcoding, and assessed the terpene chemodiversity for a subset of the seedlings. We examined whether parental genotype or terpene chemodiversity affected the diversity or composition of a seedling's mycorrhizal community. While we found that terpene chemodiversity was highly heritable, we found no evidence that parental defensive genotype or a seedling's terpene chemodiversity affected associations with EM fungi. Instead, we found that the location of seedlings, both within and among sites, was the only determinant of the diversity and makeup of EM communities. These results show that while EM community composition varies within Scotland at both large and small scales, variation in constitutive defensive compounds does not determine the EM communities of closely cohabiting pine seedlings. Patchy distributions of EM fungi at small scales may render any genetic variation in associations with different species unrealizable in field conditions. The case for selection on traits mediating associations with specific fungal species may thus be overstated, at least in seedlings. Host defense genotype has previously been shown to affect associations with ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, but the extent to which secondary metabolites such as terpenes affect these associations is unknown. We conducted a reciprocal transplant field experiment to test the effect of varying terpene genotype on the EM community composition of individual seedlings and found that the only the location of a seedling affects community composition. Other processes affecting EM community composition at small scales, such as environmental preference and interspecific interactions, may thus preclude the expression of any effect of genotype in wild conditions.

Structurally different siderophores regulate the uptake of Fe by microorganisms and may play a key role in the colonization of plants by beneficial or pathogenic fungi. Siderophore action, however, may be dependent on the distribution of Fe within cells. Here, the involvement of siderophores in determining the changes of organelle morphology and element composition of some cellular fractions of root cells in Pinus sylvestris to trophically diverse fungi was investigated. Changes in the morphology and concentrations of different elements within organelles of root cells in response to three structurally different siderophores were examined by transmission electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Weak development of mitochondrial cristae and the deposition of backup materials in plastids occurred in the absence of Fe in the structures of triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin. In response to metabolites of both pathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi, Fe accumulated mainly in the cell walls and cytoplasm. Fe counts increased in all of the analyzed organelles in response to applications of ferricrocin and triacetylfusarinine C. Chelation of Fe within the structure of siderophores prevents the binding of exogenous Fe, decreasing the abundance of Fe in the cell wall and cytoplasm. The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, Mg, and Zn also increased in cells after applications of ferricrocin and triacetylfusarinine C, while the levels of these elements decreased in the cell wall and cytoplasm when Fe was present within the structure of the siderophores. These results provide insight into the siderophore-driven response of plants to various symbionts.

In this study, the fruit bodies (pycnidial) colonization and spore presence of (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton on Scots pine ( L.) trees in stands affected by long-term drought in the Czech Republic were evaluated. A total of 520 cones at four sites were evaluated every 1.5 months from June 2019 to December 2020. The pycnidia of in relation to colonization by subcortical insects in inner bark and wood, and wood-decaying fungi a total of 340 trunks at 17 sites during the autumn of 2020 were also evaluated. Pycnidial colonization of on cones was significantly higher at the site with the highest air humidity and significantly lower in the sampling periods of June 2019, August 2019, and November 2019, which were characterized by low precipitation levels. spore presence on cones was significantly higher at sites in Bohemia compared to those in Moravia, in sites with higher air humidity, and in three consecutive sampling periods in March 2020–June 2020. Pycnidial colonization of on trunks was significantly positively dependent on the colonization of subcortical insects in both inner bark and wood, but not with the colonization of wood-decaying fungi. The results of this study show a positive relationship between high humidity and colonization by subcortical insects in inner bark and wood with on Scots pine.